printलघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी — practise the grammar

मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 2.3

अलका · nothing there ever out of season

यत्रोन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः पादपा नित्यपुष्पा

य
त्रो
न्म
त्त
भ्र
म
र
मु
ख
राः
पा
द
पा
नि
त्य
पु
ष्पा

हंसश्रेणीरचितरशना नित्यपद्मा नलिन्यः

हं
स
श्रे
णी
र
चि
त
र
श
ना
नि
त्य
प
द्मा
न
लि
न्यः

केकोत्कण्ठा भवनशिखिनो नित्यभास्वत्कलापा

के
को
त्क
ण्ठा
भ
व
न
शि
खि
नो
नि
त्य
भा
स्व
त्क
ला
पा

नित्यज्योत्स्नाः प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः प्रदोषाः

नि
त्य
ज्यो
त्स्नाः
प्र
ति
ह
त
त
मो
वृ
त्ति
र
म्याः
प्र
दो
षाः

pāda a

  • यguruthe conjunct त्र that follows it
  • त्रोguruits long vowel ओ
  • न्मguruthe conjunct त्त that follows it
  • त्तguruthe conjunct भ्र that follows it
  • भ्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • खlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • राःguruthe visarga it carries
  • पाguruits long vowel आ
  • दlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पाguruits long vowel आ
  • निguruthe conjunct त्य that follows it
  • त्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पुguruthe conjunct ष्प that follows it
  • ष्पाguruits long vowel आ
  • yati after 4 — a compound member ends here, inside उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — यत्रोन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः

pāda b

  • हंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • सguruthe conjunct श्र that follows it
  • श्रेguruits long vowel ए
  • णीguruits long vowel ई
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • चिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नाguruits long vowel आ
  • निguruthe conjunct त्य that follows it
  • त्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पguruthe conjunct द्म that follows it
  • द्माguruits long vowel आ
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लिguruthe conjunct न्य that follows it
  • न्यःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a compound member ends here, inside हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — हंसश्रेणीरचितरशना

pāda c

  • केguruits long vowel ए
  • कोguruits long vowel ओ
  • त्कguruthe conjunct ण्ठ that follows it
  • ण्ठाguruits long vowel आ
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • खिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नोguruits long vowel ओ
  • निguruthe conjunct त्य that follows it
  • त्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भाguruits long vowel आ
  • स्वguruthe conjunct त्क that follows it
  • त्कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लाguruits long vowel आ
  • पाguruits long vowel आ
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — केकोत्कण्ठा
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — भवनशिखिनो

pāda d

  • निguruthe conjunct त्य that follows it
  • त्यguruthe conjunct ज्य that follows it
  • ज्योguruits long vowel ओ
  • त्स्नाःguruthe visarga it carries
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मोguruits long vowel ओ
  • वृguruthe conjunct त्त that follows it
  • त्तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रguruthe conjunct म्य that follows it
  • म्याःguruthe visarga it carries
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दोguruits long vowel ओ
  • षाःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — नित्यज्योत्स्नाः
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः

  • यत्र + उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः → यत्रोन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः

    अ + उ → ओ

  • पादपाः + नित्यपुष्पाः → पादपा

    ः + न्

  • नित्यपुष्पाः + हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः → नित्यपुष्पा

    ः + ह्

  • हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः + नित्यपद्माः → हंसश्रेणीरचितरशना

    ः + न्

  • नित्यपद्माः + नलिन्यः → नित्यपद्मा

    ः + न्

  • केकोत्कण्ठाः + भवनशिखिनः → केकोत्कण्ठा

    ः + भ्

  • भवनशिखिनः + नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः → भवनशिखिनो

    ः + न्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः + नित्यज्योत्स्नाः → नित्यभास्वत्कलापा

    ः + न्

  • उन्मत्त + भ्रमर → उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः

    अ + भ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • भ्रमर + मुखर → उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः

    अ + म्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • नित्य + पुष्प → नित्यपुष्पाः

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • हंस + श्रेणी → हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः

    अ + श्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • श्रेणी + रचित → हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः

    ई + र्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • रचित + रशना → हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः

    अ + र्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • नित्य + पद्म → नित्यपद्माः

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • केका + उत्कण्ठ → केकोत्कण्ठाः

    आ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable को

  • भवन + शिखिन् → भवनशिखिनः

    अ + श्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • नित्य + भास्वत् → नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः

    अ + भ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • भास्वत् + कलाप → नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः

    त् + क्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • नित्य + ज्योत्स्ना → नित्यज्योत्स्नाः

    अ + ज्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • प्रतिहत + तमस् → प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः

    अ + त्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • तमस् + वृत्ति → प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः

    स् + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • वृत्ति + रम्य → प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः

    इ + र्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

The stanza's pāda-joins are visarga sandhi before sibilants. A visarga before a following च्/छ् becomes श् and before त्/थ् becomes स् — Pāṇini 8.3.17 भोभगोअघो… governs the voiced side and 8.3.34 विसर्जनीयस्य सः the sibilant assimilation, so पादपाः, नित्यपुष्पाः, नित्यपद्माः, केकोत्कण्ठाः all show their visarga written as a sibilant matching the sound that follows. Two internal vowel-fusions give guṇa by 6.1.87 आद्गुणः: यत्र + उन्मत्त → यत्रोन्मत्त and केका + उत्कण्ठ → केकोत्कण्ठ, the अ and उ meeting as ओ.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt

  • पादपाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः, नित्यपुष्पाः

  • नलिन्यः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः, नित्यपद्माः

  • भवनशिखिनः प्रथमा · nominative — उद्देश्य — the house peacocks, on the reading भवनशिखिनः

    with केकोत्कण्ठाः, नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः

    The corpus reads भवनशिखिनः, 'house peacocks', where a tagged text has भुवनशिखिनः: Mallinātha's gloss क्रीडामयूराः, 'peacocks kept for pleasure', means birds somebody keeps in a house, and decides the reading. The morphology of this word is authored for that reason and says so — an इन्-stem masculine, भवनशिखिन्, in the nominative plural.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.3: bhavanaśikhinaḥ krīḍāmayūrāḥ

  • प्रदोषाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with नित्यज्योत्स्नाः, प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

  • तस्य लोपः 1.3.9← उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः; पादपाः; नित्यपुष्पाः; केकोत्कण्ठाः; नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः; नित्यज्योत्स्नाः; प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः; प्रदोषाः

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

  • खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः 8.3.15← उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः; पादपाः; नित्यपुष्पाः; हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः; नित्यपद्माः; नलिन्यः; केकोत्कण्ठाः; भवनशिखिनः; नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः; नित्यज्योत्स्नाः; प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः; प्रदोषाः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

  • ससजुषो रुः 8.2.66← उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः; पादपाः; नित्यपुष्पाः; हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः; नित्यपद्माः; नलिन्यः; केकोत्कण्ठाः; भवनशिखिनः; नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः; नित्यज्योत्स्नाः; प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः; प्रदोषाः
  • भोभगोअघोअपूर्वस्य योऽशि 8.3.17← पादपाः + नित्यपुष्पाः; नित्यपुष्पाः + हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः; हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः + नित्यपद्माः; नित्यपद्माः + नलिन्यः; केकोत्कण्ठाः + भवनशिखिनः; नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः + नित्यज्योत्स्नाः
  • हलि सर्वेषाम् 8.3.22← पादपाः + नित्यपुष्पाः; नित्यपुष्पाः + हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः; हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः + नित्यपद्माः; नित्यपद्माः + नलिन्यः; केकोत्कण्ठाः + भवनशिखिनः; नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः + नित्यज्योत्स्नाः

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

  • चुटू 1.3.7← उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः; पादपाः; नित्यपुष्पाः; केकोत्कण्ठाः; नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः; नित्यज्योत्स्नाः; प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः; प्रदोषाः
  • प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः 6.1.102← उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः; पादपाः; नित्यपुष्पाः; केकोत्कण्ठाः; नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः; नित्यज्योत्स्नाः; प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः; प्रदोषाः

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः

उन्मत्त · भ्रमर · मुखर

  1. उन्मत्ताः भ्रमराः

    कर्मधारय — bees gone mad

  2. उन्मत्तभ्रमरैः मुखराः

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — made loud by bees gone mad

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with पादपाः. loud with drunken bees — Mallinātha unpacks it with an instrumental, उन्मत्तैर्भ्रमरैर्मुखराः, and glosses मुखर itself with शब्दायमानाः, 'making a noise'. मुखर is 'mouthy', from मुख: a word used of a talkative person and here of a tree. **He puts अत एव in front of it — 'and just for that reason'** — because the noise follows from the flowers: trees always in bloom keep bees on them all year, and bees on them all year make a sound the trees are named for

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who resolves it with the instrumental, glosses मुखर with शब्दायमान, and makes it the consequence of नित्यपुष्पाः with अत एव“ata evonmattairbhramarairmukharāḥ śabdāyamānāḥ”

नित्यपुष्पाः

नित्य · पुष्प

  1. नित्यानि पुष्पाणि येषां ते

    बहुव्रीहि — the ones whose flowers never stop

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to पादपाः. always in flower — the first of the stanza's four नित्य compounds, and Mallinātha resolves each of them the same way and then adds what it rules out. Here: न तु ऋतुनियमात्, 'not by the rule of a season'. Everywhere else a tree flowers when its season comes round; in Alakā the season is not what decides it. **The four denials are the shape of the whole stanza** — one natural limit set aside in each pāda

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who resolves the bahuvrīhi with येषां ते and adds न तु ऋतुनियमात्“nityāni puṣpāṇi yeṣāṃ te tathā | na tvṛtuniyamāditi bhāvaḥ”

हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः

हंस · श्रेणी · रचित · रशना

  1. हंसानां श्रेण्यः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — rows of geese

  2. हंसश्रेणीभिः रचिता

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — woven out of rows of geese

  3. हंसश्रेणीरचिता रशना यासां ताः

    बहुव्रीहि — the ones whose girdle is woven of rows of geese

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to नलिन्यः. girdled with rows of geese — रशना is the woman's belt worn low on the hips, and the pond wears one: the geese ring it about. Mallinātha resolves it हंसश्रेणीभी रचितरशनाः and then says the plain thing it means, नित्यं हंसपरिवेष्टिताः, 'ringed by geese the whole year'. **And it too follows from the नित्य compound beside it with अत एव** — geese leave a pond when the lotuses go, so a pond that never loses its lotuses never loses its geese

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who resolves it and glosses the sense with नित्यं हंसपरिवेष्टिताः, making it the consequence of नित्यपद्माः“ata eva haṃsaśreṇībhī racitaraśanāḥ | nityaṃ haṃsapariveṣṭitā ityarthaḥ”

नित्यपद्माः

नित्य · पद्म

  1. नित्यानि पद्मानि यासां ताः

    बहुव्रीहि — the ones whose lotuses never stop

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to नलिन्यः. always with their lotuses — the second नित्य compound, and the limit it sets aside is winter: न तु हेमन्तवर्जितम्, 'not with winter left out'. A lotus pond in the world is bare in the cold months, and this one is not. पद्म is neuter as a noun and the compound is feminine because नलिन्यः is, so the last member takes ā

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who resolves it with यासां ताः and adds न तु हेमन्तवर्जितम्“nalinyaḥ padminyo nityāni padmāni yāsāṃ tāstathā na tu hemantavarjitamityarthaḥ”

केकोत्कण्ठाः

केका · उत्कण्ठ

  1. उद्गतः कण्ठो येषां ते उत्कण्ठाः

    बहुव्रीहि — with their necks up

  2. केकाभिः उत्कण्ठाः

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — necks up with their crying

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with भवनशिखिनः. craning at their own cries — केका is the peacock's call and no other bird's; Sanskrit has a separate word for it. Mallinātha glosses the second member उद्ग्रीवाः, 'neck-up', which reads उत्कण्ठ as the body rather than the feeling: not longing but a raised throat. The two are the same word in Sanskrit and the pun is not remarked on. **This is the third अत एव** — tails always bright, and so the crying that goes with them

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses केकाभिरुत्कण्ठाः with उद्ग्रीवाः and makes it the consequence of नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः“ata eva kekābhirutkaṇṭhā udgrīvāḥ”

भवनशिखिनः

भवन · शिखिन्

  1. भवनानां शिखिनः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the peacocks of the houses

तत्पुरुष. the house peacocks — **this is one of the two places where the tagged corpus reads the verse differently, and the commentary settles it.** DCS has भुवनशिखिनः, 'peacocks of the world'; this text has भवनशिखिनो, 'peacocks of the house', and Mallinātha glosses क्रीडामयूराः, pet peacocks kept for pleasure — birds belonging to a household, not to the world. शिखिन् is 'crested one', from शिखा, a crest or a flame: the same word names a peacock and a fire

uncheckedauthored (morphology — the tagged corpus reads भुवनशिखिनः where this text reads भवनशिखिनो, so its tags are not used for the first member); Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose gloss क्रीडामयूराः reads the compound as the house's“bhavanaśikhinaḥ krīḍāmayūrāḥ”

नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः

नित्य · भास्वत् · कलाप

  1. नित्यं भास्वन्तः कलापाः

    कर्मधारय — tails for ever shining

  2. नित्यभास्वन्तः कलापा येषां ते

    बहुव्रीहि — the ones whose tails are for ever shining

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to भवनशिखिनः. with their tails always bright — the third नित्य compound. Mallinātha glosses कलाप with बर्ह, the tail-feathers, and takes नित्यम् adverbially, नित्यं भास्वन्तः, 'shining always', rather than as an adjective of the tail. The limit set aside is the shortest of the four: न तु वर्षास्वेव, 'not only in the rains'. A peacock's tail comes in with the monsoon and is shed after it, so this is the one denial that is about the bird's body rather than about the weather

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses कलाप with बर्ह, resolves the bahuvrīhi with येषां ते, and adds न तु वर्षास्वेव“nityaṃ bhāsvantaḥ kalāpā barhāṇi yeṣāṃ te tathoktāḥ | na tu varṣāsveva”

नित्यज्योत्स्नाः

नित्य · ज्योत्स्ना

  1. नित्या ज्योत्स्ना येषां ते

    बहुव्रीहि — the ones whose moonlight never stops

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to प्रदोषाः. always moonlit — the fourth and last नित्य compound, and the limit it sets aside is the calendar: न तु शुक्लपक्ष एव, 'not only in the bright fortnight'. Everywhere else the moon is full for half the month and gone for the other half; in Alakā the dark fortnight does not come. ज्योत्स्ना is feminine and the compound is masculine, describing प्रदोषाः, so its ā shortens — the same rule that shortened वनिता at 2.1

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who resolves it नित्या ज्योत्स्ना येषां ते and adds न तु शुक्लपक्ष एव“pradoṣā rātrayo nityā jyotsnā yeṣāṃ te | na tu śuklapakṣa eva”

प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः

प्रतिहत · तमस् · वृत्ति · रम्य

  1. तमसां वृत्तिः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the hold darkness has

  2. प्रतिहता तमोवृत्तिर्येषां ते

    बहुव्रीहि — the ones in which darkness's hold is beaten back

  3. प्रतिहततमोवृत्तयश्च ते रम्याश्च

    कर्मधारय — beaten back the dark, and lovely with it

कर्मधारय — it agrees with प्रदोषाः. lovely, with the dark driven off — **the second of the two places the tagged corpus reads differently, and again the commentary settles it.** DCS has प्रहित, 'sent forth', from प्र + √हि; this text has प्रतिहत, 'struck back', from प्रति + √हन्, and Mallinātha writes प्रतिहता तमसां वृत्तिर्व्याप्तिर्येषां ते — the darkness's spread is beaten back, not sent out. The two readings say opposite things about the same night. He glosses वृत्ति with व्याप्ति, the reach or spread of a thing, and then joins the last member with च ते रम्याश्च, which is the mark of the कर्मधारय: the nights are both — dark-defeated and lovely. **This is the fourth अत एव**, and the only one where the consequence is a judgement rather than a fact

uncheckedauthored (morphology — the tagged corpus reads प्रहित where this text reads प्रतिहत, so its tags are not used for the first member); Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who writes प्रतिहता तमसां वृत्तिः, glosses वृत्ति with व्याप्ति, and joins रम्य with च ते … च“ata eva pratihatā tamasāṃ vṛttirvyāptiryeṣāṃ te ca te ramyāśceti tathoktāḥ”

  • अव्यय

    यत्र

    printed यत्रोन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः

    यत्र

    where — the third stanza running to begin on it, and Mallinātha glosses it the third time in the same two words, यत्रालकायाम्. The city has still not been the subject of a sentence since it was named at 1.65

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः

    printed यत्रोन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः

    मुखर

    loud — मुखर is built on मुख, mouth, the way 'mouthy' is built on the same word in English, and it is used of chattering people, of anklets, and here of trees. Mallinātha glosses it शब्दायमानाः, 'sounding': a participle from a denominative verb made out of शब्द, so 'noising'. The word is the tree's, and the noise is the bees'

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    पादपाः

    printed पादपा

    पादप

    the trees — glossed वृक्षाः, the ordinary word. पादप is 'foot-drinker': a tree drinks at its foot rather than at a mouth, and the word is one of Sanskrit's small etymological jokes about plants. The visarga has gone before the ह् of हंस at the head of the next line, and the page prints पादपा

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    नित्यपुष्पाः

    printed नित्यपुष्पा

    पुष्प

    always in flower — पुष्प is neuter on its own and the compound is masculine because the trees are; the a-stem gives पुष्पाः for the masculine nominative plural, so the change does not show. नित्य is the word this stanza is built on: it stands four times, once in each pāda, and each time Mallinātha follows it with what it denies. The word is neuter as a noun and takes the masculine endings here

    The stanza is four sentences of the same shape, and the shape is a denial. नित्य, 'perpetual', stands once in each pāda, and under each Mallinātha writes what it rules out: न तु ऋतुनियमात्, not by the rule of a season; न तु हेमन्तवर्जितम्, not with winter left out; न तु वर्षास्वेव, not only in the rains; न तु शुक्लपक्ष एव, not only in the bright fortnight. Four things that everywhere else come and go — blossom, lotus, a peacock's tail, the moon — are each taken off their schedule. Then he does a second thing four times: अत एव, 'and just for that reason', tying each perpetual thing to what follows from it. Bees stay where flowers never leave; geese where lotuses never go; a peacock in his shining tail cries; a night with a moon in it is lovely. So the second half of each line is not a further wonder but a consequence, and his prose order puts the cause first where the verse puts it second.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.3: na tv ṛtuniyamāt … ata eva

  • ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः

    printed हंसश्रेणीरचितरशना

    रशना

    with their girdles — रशना is the belt of small bells or beads a woman wears at the hips, and it is the one word in the stanza that puts a body on a landscape. The compound is feminine throughout, agreeing with नलिन्यः, so nothing has to change gender at its end. The geese are the belt: a line of white birds round the rim of the water

  • ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    नित्यपद्माः

    printed नित्यपद्मा

    पद्मा, the feminine of the bahuvrīhi's last member पद्म

    always with lotuses — पद्म is neuter as the name of the flower and takes ā here to agree with नलिन्यः, which is the same thing दुकूल did at 1.65 and ज्योत्स्ना does two lines below in the other direction. Mallinātha's denial under it is the one about winter: a pond stripped in the cold months is what a reader expects, and this pond is not

  • ī-stem feminine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    नलिन्यः

    नलिनी

    the lotus ponds — glossed पद्मिन्यः, which is the same word built on the other name for the flower. नलिनी is the feminine of नलिन, a lotus, and means both the plant and the water it stands in; here the girdle of geese shows it is the pond. It is a नदी-type feminine, made with the affix ङीप्, so the nominative plural is नलिन्यः and the generated table gets it right. It declines on the नदी pattern

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    केकोत्कण्ठाः

    printed केकोत्कण्ठा

    उत्कण्ठ

    necks up — उत्कण्ठा as a noun is longing, the state of a throat that aches; उत्कण्ठ as the end of a compound is the plain fact of a raised neck, which is what Mallinātha takes with उद्ग्रीवाः. The two senses are one word, and a peacock crying with its neck stretched is the picture that joins them. The final ā of उत्कण्ठा shortens as a subordinate member, and the masculine agrees with the peacocks

  • in-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    भवनशिखिनः

    printed भवनशिखिनो

    शिखिन्

    the house peacocks — **the tagged corpus reads this word's first member differently**, भुवन for भवन, so its morphology is not drafted from it: भुवनशिखिन् would be the peacock of the world and भवनशिखिन् is the peacock of the house, and Mallinātha's gloss क्रीडामयूराः, 'pleasure-peacocks', is a bird somebody keeps. शिखिन् is 'the crested one', from शिखा, a crest or a flame; the same word is a name for fire. The visarga has become ओ before the न् of नित्य and the page prints भवनशिखिनो

    This is the one verse of the poem that no tagged stanza reconstructs, and both places it parts from the tagged corpus are places where the commentary decides it. भवनशिखिनः against भुवनशिखिनः: Mallinātha's क्रीडामयूराः, 'peacocks kept for pleasure', means house-birds, not the peacocks of the world at large. And प्रतिहततमोवृत्ति against प्रहिततमोवृत्ति: his प्रतिहता तमसां वृत्तिः means the dark is driven off, beaten back, not sent out. The morphology of those two words is authored on the strength of the gloss and says so in its provenance. भवनशिखिन् is an इन्-stem masculine, and its nominative plural भवनशिखिनः keeps the short इ, because Pāṇini 6.4.12 restricts the strong-case lengthening of इन्-stems to the neuter plural before शि.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.3: bhavanaśikhinaḥ krīḍāmayūrāḥ … pratihatā tamasāṃ vṛttiḥ
    • Aṣṭādhyāyī — 6.4.12 इन्हन्पूषार्यम्णां शौ

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः

    printed नित्यभास्वत्कलापा

    कलाप

    with their tails — कलाप is a bundle or a collection of anything, and of a peacock it is the fan of tail-feathers; Mallinātha glosses it बर्ह, which is the word for the feathers themselves. The word has stood in the poem before, at 1.46, where the feather Pārvatī wears at her ear is a बर्ह off Skanda's bird. The middle member भास्वत् is 'shining', a मतुप् stem like विद्युत्वत् at 2.1

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    नित्यज्योत्स्नाः

    ज्योत्स्न, the shortened form ज्योत्स्ना takes inside the compound

    always moonlit — ज्योत्स्ना is moonlight, from ज्योतिस्, light. It is feminine, and the compound describing the masculine प्रदोषाः shortens it to ज्योत्स्न by the same rule that gave ललितवनिताः at 2.1 — Pāṇini 1.2.48. Mallinātha's own resolution keeps the feminine, नित्या ज्योत्स्ना येषां ते, because inside a vigraha the word stands on its own again and is itself. ज्योत्स्ना is feminine on its own and shortens as a subordinate member

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः

    रम्य, from √रम् with the suffix यत्

    lovely — **the tagged corpus reads this word's first member differently**, प्रहित for प्रतिहत, so its morphology is not drafted from it: प्रहित is 'sent forth' and प्रतिहत is 'struck back', and the two make opposite nights out of the same line. Mallinātha writes प्रतिहता तमसां वृत्तिः and settles it. रम्य is a verbal adjective from √रम्, to take pleasure: what one can rest in. It is the last member of a कर्मधारय and the stanza's only word of judgement — everything else in it is a fact about a tree, a pond, a bird or the moon

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    प्रदोषाः

    प्रदोष

    the early nights — प्रदोष is properly the first watch of the night, the hour after dark, and Mallinātha glosses it with the wider रात्रयः, nights. The word is the last of the stanza's four subjects and the only one that is not alive: trees, ponds, peacocks, and then the time of day. दोष by itself is night, and प्र sets it at the beginning of one

    The fourth sentence is the early nights, प्रदोषाः, नित्यज्योत्स्नाः, 'always moonlit'. The moon in Alakā does not wait for the bright fortnight — न तु शुक्लपक्ष एव — so the dark half of the month has its moon too, and the nights are प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः, 'lovely with the dark beaten back'. It is the plainest of the four consequences: a night is lovely for exactly the reason a night is dark elsewhere, and the city has taken that reason away. The compound reads प्रतिहता तमसां वृत्तिः, 'the workings of the dark are struck down', and the whole is a bahuvrīhi of the nights.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.3: nityajyotsnāḥ … pratihatā tamasāṃ vṛttiḥ

यत्र · पादपाः · नित्यपुष्पाः · उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः · नलिन्यः · नित्यपद्माः · हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः · भवनशिखिनः · नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः · केकोत्कण्ठाः · प्रदोषाः · नित्यज्योत्स्नाः · प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary runs as anvaya. **His rearrangement is a single move made four times**: in each pāda the verse puts the consequence first and the नित्य compound second, and he turns each pair round so that the cause stands in front of what follows from it — नित्यपुष्पाः then the loud bees, नित्यपद्माः then the girdle of geese, नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः then the craning, नित्यज्योत्स्नाः then the beaten dark. The word he does it with is अत एव, 'and just for that reason', which he writes four times“yatrālakāyāṃ pādapā vṛkṣāḥ | nityāni puṣpāṇi yeṣāṃ te tathā … ata evonmattairbhramarairmukharāḥ … nalinyaḥ padminyo nityāni padmāni yāsāṃ tāstathā … ata eva haṃsaśreṇībhī racitaraśanāḥ … bhavanaśikhinaḥ krīḍāmayūrā nityaṃ bhāsvantaḥ kalāpā … ata eva kekābhirutkaṇṭhā udgrīvāḥ | pradoṣā rātrayo nityā jyotsnā yeṣāṃ te … ata eva pratihatā tamasāṃ vṛttir … ramyāśceti”

the dependency structure

नित्यपुष्पाः · विधेय — always in flower, न तु ऋतुनियमात्; the predicate of the first of four sentences of one shape. The verse has no verb; an 'is' is understood from 2.2, and the tree roots at this predicate

यत्र · अधिकरण — where, यत्रालकायाम्; the relative governing all four sentences

पादपाः · उद्देश्य — the trees, the subject of the first sentence

उन्मत्तभ्रमरमुखराः · agreeing with पादपाः, and the consequence — loud with drunken bees, अत एव; the bees stay because the flowers never leave

नित्यपद्माः · विधेय — always with their lotuses, न तु हेमन्तवर्जितम्; the predicate of the second sentence, coordinate with the first

नलिन्यः · उद्देश्य — the lotus ponds, the subject of the second sentence

हंसश्रेणीरचितरशनाः · agreeing with नलिन्यः, and the consequence — girdled with lines of geese, अत एव; the geese stay because the lotuses never go

नित्यभास्वत्कलापाः · विधेय — whose tails are always shining, न तु वर्षास्वेव; the predicate of the third sentence, coordinate

भवनशिखिनः · उद्देश्य — the house peacocks, क्रीडामयूराः; the subject of the third sentence, kept birds of the mansions

केकोत्कण्ठाः · agreeing with भवनशिखिनः, and the consequence — necks up and crying, अत एव; a peacock in his tail cries

नित्यज्योत्स्नाः · विधेय — always moonlit, न तु शुक्लपक्ष एव; the predicate of the fourth sentence, coordinate

प्रदोषाः · उद्देश्य — the early nights, the subject of the fourth sentence

प्रतिहततमोवृत्तिरम्याः · agreeing with प्रदोषाः, and the consequence — lovely with the dark beaten back, प्रतिहता तमसां वृत्तिः; the night is lovely because it always has a moon

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading, which construes the stanza as four coordinate verbless sentences, writes the season each नित्य denies and the consequence each अत एव draws, and reads भवनशिखिनः and प्रतिहततमोवृत्ति on the strength of his glosses; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam. The stanza has no finite verb; its tree roots at the first predicate नित्यपुष्पाः and the role says so. Mallinātha counts neither this stanza nor 2.4, judging the two interpolated.

Where the trees are always in flower and loud with drunken bees; where the lotus ponds always have their lotuses and wear a girdle woven of lines of geese; where the house peacocks always have their tails shining and crane their necks crying; where the early nights are always moonlit, the dark beaten back and lovely with it. **The stanza is four sentences of the same shape and the shape is a denial.** नित्य stands once in each pāda, and under each of the four Mallinātha writes what it rules out: न तु ऋतुनियमात्, not by the rule of a season; न तु हेमन्तवर्जितम्, not with winter left out; न तु वर्षास्वेव, not only in the rains; न तु शुक्लपक्ष एव, not only in the bright fortnight. Four things that everywhere else come and go — blossom, lotus, a peacock's tail, the moon — and each of them is here taken off its schedule. Then he does the second thing four times: अत एव, 'and just for that reason', linking each perpetual thing to what follows from it. Bees stay where the flowers are; geese stay where the lotuses are; a peacock in his tail cries; a night with a moon in it is lovely. So the stanza's second half of each line is not a further wonder but a consequence, and his prose order puts the cause first where the verse puts it second. **This is also the verse of the poem that no tagged stanza reconstructs**, and both places it parts from the tagged corpus are places where the commentary decides it: भवनशिखिनः against भुवनशिखिनः, where his क्रीडामयूराः means birds somebody keeps in a house, and प्रतिहततमोवृत्ति against प्रहिततमोवृत्ति, where his प्रतिहता तमसां वृत्तिः means the dark is driven off rather than sent out. The morphology of those two words is authored and says so. He names no figure. He also supplies no verb here, having said at 2.2 that an 'is' is to be understood throughout. **And he does not count this stanza.** He prints it without a number, prints 2.4 without one too, and at the end of his comment on that verse writes श्लोकद्वयं प्रक्षिप्तम्, 'the two stanzas are interpolated'; his numbering resumes with ॥ ३ ॥ at the verse this text calls 2.5. He comments on both in full first, which is what makes the judgement worth having — it is not a refusal to read them.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss; the four denials, the four अत एव links, the readings of भवन and प्रतिहत, and the judgement श्लोकद्वयं प्रक्षिप्तम् at the close of the next stanza are his. The two words the tagged corpus reads differently are authored and name no tagged corpus as their source“na tvṛtuniyamāditi bhāvaḥ … na tu hemantavarjitamityarthaḥ … na tu varṣāsveva … na tu śuklapakṣa eva”

Where the trees are always in flower and loud with drunken bees; where the lotus ponds always have their lotuses and wear a girdle woven of lines of geese; where the house peacocks always have their tails shining and crane their necks crying; where the early nights are always moonlit, the dark beaten back and lovely with it. Four perpetual things, and after each its consequence. Mallinātha prints this stanza without a number and 2.4 without one too, and at the end of his comment on 2.4 writes श्लोकद्वयं प्रक्षिप्तम्, 'the two stanzas are interpolated' — his own numbering resumes with ॥ ३ ॥ at the verse this text calls 2.5. He comments on both in full first, which is what makes the judgement worth having: it is a reading, not a refusal to read.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.3–2.4: ślokadvayaṃ prakṣiptam

No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.