मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.5
रामगिरि · the unreasoning request
धूमज्योतिः सलिलमरुतां संनिपातः क्व मेघः
संदेशार्थाः क्व पटुकरणैः प्राणिभिः प्रापणीयाः
इत्यौत्सुक्यादपरिगणयन् गुह्यकस्तं ययाचे
कामार्ता हि प्रकृतिकृपणाश्चेतनाचेतनेषु
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
धूमज्योतिःसलिलमरुताम् + संनिपातः → धूमज्योतिः सलिलमरुतां
म् + स्
इति + औत्सुक्यात् → इत्यौत्सुक्यादपरिगणयन्
इ + औ
औत्सुक्यात् + अपरिगणयन् → इत्यौत्सुक्यादपरिगणयन्
त् + अ
गुह्यकः + तम् → गुह्यकस्तं
ः + त्
कामार्ताः + हि → कामार्ता
ः + ह्
प्रकृतिकृपणाः + चेतनाचेतनेषु → प्रकृतिकृपणाश्चेतनाचेतनेषु
ः + च्
धूम + ज्योतिस् → धूमज्योतिःसलिलमरुताम्
अ + ज्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
ज्योतिस् + सलिल → धूमज्योतिःसलिलमरुताम्
स् + स्
सलिल + मरुत् → धूमज्योतिःसलिलमरुताम्
अ + म्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
संदेश + अर्थ → संदेशार्थाः
अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable शा
पटु + करण → पटुकरणैः
उ + क्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
काम + आर्त → कामार्ताः
अ + आ → आ · falls inside the syllable मा
प्रकृति + कृपण → प्रकृतिकृपणाः
इ + क्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
चेतन + अचेतन → चेतनाचेतनेषु
अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable ना
Two joins to see: इति + औत्सुक्यात् → इत्यौत्सुक्यात् (the इ of इति becomes य् before a vowel), and the visarga twice — गुह्यकः + तम् → गुह्यकस्तं (becoming स् before त्) and प्रकृतिकृपणाः + चेतना → प्रकृतिकृपणाश्चेतना (becoming श् before च्). The visarga of धूमज्योतिः stays as it is before the स् of सलिल.
धूमज्योतिःसलिलमरुताम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
संनिपातः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
मेघः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
संदेशार्थाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
पटुकरणैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
प्राणिभिः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
प्रापणीयाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
औत्सुक्यात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure
अपरिगणयन् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
गुह्यकः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
तम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
कामार्ताः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
प्रकृतिकृपणाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
चेतनाचेतनेषु सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 33 · धातोः
प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ
not in the abridgement
धूमज्योतिःसलिलमरुताम्
धूम · ज्योतिस् · सलिल · मरुत्
धूमश्च ज्योतिश्च सलिलं च मरुच्च तेषाम्
द्वन्द्व — of smoke and light and water and wind — the four a cloud is made of
द्वन्द्व. of smoke, fire, water and wind — the cloud reduced to its ingredients, which is how you say something is no one
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“dhūmaśca jyotiśca salilaṃ ca marudvāyuśca teṣāṃ sannipātaḥ”
संदेशार्थाः
संदेश · अर्थ
संदेशाः एव अर्थाः
कर्मधारय — the things sent, which are themselves the matter
कर्मधारय. the substance of a message
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“sandiśyanta iti sandeśāsta evārthāḥ”
पटुकरणैः
पटु · करण
पटूनि करणानि
कर्मधारय — sharp instruments — able senses
कर्मधारय. with senses that work
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“paṭukaraṇaiḥ samarthendriyaiḥ”
कामार्ताः
काम · आर्त
कामेन आर्ताः
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — stricken by desire
तत्पुरुष. people whom desire has laid low
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kāmārtā madanāturāḥ”
प्रकृतिकृपणाः
प्रकृति · कृपण
प्रकृत्या कृपणाः
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — helpless by their nature
तत्पुरुष. wretched by their very make
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“prakṛtikṛpaṇāḥ svabhāvadīnāḥ”
चेतनाचेतनेषु
चेतन · अचेतन
चेतनाश्च अचेतनाश्च तेषु
द्वन्द्व — among the sentient and the insentient alike
द्वन्द्व. towards things that can feel and things that cannot
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“cetanāścetanāśca teṣu viṣaye”
t-stem masculine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural
धूमज्योतिःसलिलमरुताम्
printed धूमज्योतिः सलिलमरुतां
मरुत्
wind — a consonant stem, and the last of the four things a cloud is made of
A dvandva, “of smoke and light and water and wind” — the four things a cloud is only a heap of. Its last member मरुत् is a consonant stem (a t-stem), which the paradigm generator does not build, so it carries no table; the genitive plural मरुताम् is the ending the whole compound wears. Reducing a thing to its ingredients is how you say it is really no one.
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
संनिपातः
संनिपात
a falling together, a mere concourse — Mallinātha glosses संघातः
अव्यय
क्व
क्व
where — twice over, and the two "wheres" are the whole argument: what has one to do with the other?
क्व … क्व …, “where …, where …” — a rhetorical pair meaning the two have nothing to do with each other: what has a cloud, mere smoke and water, to do with a message that wants a living creature to carry it? This mismatch, stated in the poem’s own voice, is the figure विषम, the incongruous joining; Mallinātha adds that it lives off the general truth of the last line.
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
मेघः
मेघ
a cloud — senseless, and so no fit bearer of a message
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural
संदेशार्थाः
अर्थ
matters, things — here the things a message is made of
संदेशाः एव अर्थाः, “the things sent, which are the very matter”. They are प्रापणीयाः, “to be conveyed” — a kṛtya, so the future-passive adjective agrees with the things carried, not the carrier, and calls for living beings प्राणिभिः with working senses पटुकरणैः to do the carrying.
अव्यय
क्व
क्व
where — the second half of the question
क्व … क्व …, “where …, where …” — a rhetorical pair meaning the two have nothing to do with each other: what has a cloud, mere smoke and water, to do with a message that wants a living creature to carry it? This mismatch, stated in the poem’s own voice, is the figure विषम, the incongruous joining; Mallinātha adds that it lives off the general truth of the last line.
a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
पटुकरणैः
करण
instruments — here the senses, which Mallinātha glosses इन्द्रियैः
in-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
प्राणिभिः
प्राणिन्
by living beings — an in-stem, "having breath", and Mallinātha adds चेतनैः, ones that are conscious
√आप् + अनीय, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural
प्रापणीयाः
प्रापणीय, from प्र + √आप् with णिच्
to be conveyed — a kṛtya, so it agrees with the things carried, not the carrier
अव्यय
इति
printed इत्यौत्सुक्यादपरिगणयन्
इति
thus — closing the quoted thought
a-stem neuter, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular
औत्सुक्यात्
printed इत्यौत्सुक्यादपरिगणयन्
औत्सुक्य
out of eagerness — the ablative of the cause
√गण् + नञ् + णिच् + शतृ, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
अपरिगणयन्
printed इत्यौत्सुक्यादपरिगणयन्
अपरिगणयत्, from परि + √गण् with णिच्
not reckoning it up — a present participle with the negative in front: he does not stop to weigh what he has just said
अपरिगणयन्, “not reckoning it up”, a present active participle (शतृ, ending the stem in अत्) built on परि + गण् in the causative, with the negative नञ् (अ-) in front: not stopping to weigh what he has just said. As an at-stem it takes नुम् in the strong cases and lengthens to अपरिगणयन् in the nominative singular.
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
गुह्यकः
printed गुह्यकस्तं
गुह्यक
the guhyaka — another name for a yakṣa, one of Kubera’s hidden people
pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
तम्
printed गुह्यकस्तं
तद्
it — the cloud
√याच्, class 1, लिट्, atmanepada, third person singular
ययाचे
√याच्
he begged — the perfect middle of √याच्, "to ask"
ययाचे, “he begged”, the perfect of √याच् “to ask”. √याच् is an ātmanepada root, so the ending is middle — ए, not the parasmaipada अ of ददर्श in 1.2. Reduplication doubles the root, य-याच्.
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural
कामार्ताः
printed कामार्ता
आर्त
stricken — the compound says by what
अव्यय
हि
हि
for — the particle that marks the general truth
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural
प्रकृतिकृपणाः
printed प्रकृतिकृपणाश्चेतनाचेतनेषु
कृपण
helpless, pitiable — Mallinātha glosses स्वभावदीनाः, wretched by nature
a-stem masculine, सप्तमी बहुवचन locative plural
चेतनाचेतनेषु
printed प्रकृतिकृपणाश्चेतनाचेतनेषु
अचेतन
the insentient — the locative of the field a thing holds true in
धूमज्योतिःसलिलमरुताम् · संनिपातः · मेघः · क्व · पटुकरणैः · प्राणिभिः · प्रापणीयाः · संदेशार्थाः · क्व · इति · औत्सुक्यात् · अपरिगणयन् · गुह्यकः · तम् · ययाचे · कामार्ताः · हि · चेतनाचेतनेषु · प्रकृतिकृपणाः
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
ययाचे · क्रिया — the verb the sentence turns on
गुह्यकः · कर्ता — the agent
अपरिगणयन् · क्रियाविशेषण — not stopping to reckon
औत्सुक्यात् · हेतु — out of eagerness
इति · closing the thought he does not weigh
क्व · where is …
मेघः · a cloud
संनिपातः · a mere concourse
धूमज्योतिःसलिलमरुताम् · of smoke, light, water, wind
क्व · and where …
संदेशार्थाः · the matter of a message
प्रापणीयाः · to be conveyed
प्राणिभिः · करण — by living beings
पटुकरणैः · with able senses
तम् · कर्म — it, the cloud
प्रकृतिकृपणाः · अर्थान्तरन्यास — the general truth that excuses him
कामार्ताः · कर्ता — people stricken by desire
हि · for
चेतनाचेतनेषु · अधिकरण — sentient and insentient alike
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
Again two sentences. The first is the yakṣa’s own thought — क्व मेघः, क्व संदेशार्थाः, closed by इति — which he does not stop to weigh (अपरिगणयन्) before he begs the cloud (ययाचे). The second is the general truth that excuses him: the desire-stricken are helpless by nature. The tree roots at ययाचे, hangs the quoted question under इति, and the general remark beneath the verb.
Where is a cloud, which is smoke and light and water and wind fallen together — and where the matter of a message, which needs living creatures with working senses to carry it? Not stopping to reckon that up, out of sheer eagerness, the guhyaka made his request to it. People whom desire has laid low are helpless by nature, before what can feel and what cannot alike.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
Where is a cloud, a mere falling-together of smoke, light, water and wind — and where the matter of a message, which needs a living creature with working senses to bear it? Not stopping to reckon that up, out of sheer eagerness, the guhyaka made his request to it. For people whom desire has laid low are helpless by their very nature, before what can feel and what cannot alike.
विषम — the incongruous joining — two things put together that do not belong together, or an effect that cannot come of its cause
A message and a cloud are set side by side, and the poem says in its own voice that they do not match. Mallinātha adds that the figure here lives off the arthāntaranyāsa of the fourth line, which explains why a man would do such a thing anyway.
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“atra meghasandeśayorvirūpayorghaṭanādviṣamālaṅkāraḥ”