मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.10
रामगिरि · the promise of her
तां चावश्यं दिवसगणनातत्परामेकपत्नीं
अव्यापन्नामविहतगतिर्द्रक्ष्यसि भ्रातृजायाम्
आशाबन्धः कुसुमसदृशं प्रायशो ह्यङ्गनानां
सद्यःपाति प्रणयि हृदयं विप्रयोगे रुणद्धि
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
ताम् + च → तां
म् + च्
च + अवश्यम् → चावश्यं
अ + अ → आ
दिवसगणनातत्पराम् + एकपत्नीम् → दिवसगणनातत्परामेकपत्नीं
म् + ए
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अव्यापन्नाम् + अविहतगतिः → अव्यापन्नामविहतगतिर्द्रक्ष्यसि
म् + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अविहतगतिः + द्रक्ष्यसि → अव्यापन्नामविहतगतिर्द्रक्ष्यसि
ः + द्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
कुसुमसदृशम् + प्रायशः → कुसुमसदृशं
म् + प्
प्रायशः + हि → प्रायशो
ः + ह्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
हि + अङ्गनानाम् → ह्यङ्गनानां
इ + अ
हृदयम् + विप्रयोगे → हृदयं
म् + व्
दिवस + गणना → दिवसगणनातत्पराम्
अ + ग्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
गणना + तत्परा → दिवसगणनातत्पराम्
आ + त्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
एक + पत्नी → एकपत्नीम्
अ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अ + विहत → अविहतगतिः
अ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
विहत + गति → अविहतगतिः
अ + ग्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
भ्रातृ + जाया → भ्रातृजायाम्
ऋ + ज्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
आशा + बन्ध → आशाबन्धः
आ + ब्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
कुसुम + सदृश → कुसुमसदृशम्
अ + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
सद्यस् + पातिन् → सद्यःपाति
स् + प्
The joins to see are a run and two that show the visarga changing before what follows. तां चावश्यं is तां च अवश्यम्, where च + अवश्यम् merges अ + अ into a single long आ. In अव्यापन्नामविहतगतिर्द्रक्ष्यसि the word अविहतगतिः meets द्रक्ष्यसि: its visarga becomes र् before the voiced द् (8.3.15). प्रायशो ह्यङ्गनानां is प्रायशः + हि + अङ्गनानाम्: the visarga after अ becomes ओ before the voiced ह् (प्रायशो), and हि + अङ्गनानाम् turns the इ to य् before the vowel (ह्यङ्गनानाम्). Every म् at a word’s end becomes anusvāra before a consonant, as in कुसुमसदृशं सद्यःपाति.
ताम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with दिवसगणनातत्पराम्, एकपत्नीम्
अव्यापन्नाम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
भ्रातृजायाम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
आशाबन्धः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
अङ्गनानाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
प्रणयि द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
हृदयम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with कुसुमसदृशम्, सद्यःपाति
विप्रयोगे सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 15 · दिवादिभ्यः श्यन्
प्रकरण 18 · रुधादिभ्यः श्नम्
प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ
प्रकरण 60 · स्त्रियाम्
not in the abridgement
दिवसगणनातत्पराम्
दिवस · गणना · तत्परा
दिवसानां गणना
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the counting of the days — the ones still left
दिवसगणनायां तत्परा
तत्पुरुष (locative) — wholly given to that counting
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with ताम्. with nothing in her mind but counting off the days
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“divasānāmavaśiṣṭadinānāṃ gaṇanāyāṃ saṅkhyāne tatparāmāsaktām”
एकपत्नीम्
एक · पत्नी
एकः पतिः यस्याः सा
बहुव्रीहि — [a woman] who has one husband
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to ताम्. true to one man
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“ekaḥ patiryasyāḥ saikapatnī tām”
अविहतगतिः
अ · विहत · गति
न विहता
कर्मधारय — not struck down, unbroken
अविहता गतिः यस्य सः
बहुव्रीहि — [the one] whose going is unhindered
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to त्वम्. your own passage unbroken — said of the cloud, which the verse addresses but does not name here; Mallinātha supplies "you"
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“avihatagatiraviccinnagatiḥ san”
भ्रातृजायाम्
भ्रातृ · जाया
भ्रातुः जाया
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — a brother’s wife
तत्पुरुष. your brother’s wife — which is how a man asks another to look at his own wife and stay decent about it
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“bhrāturme jāyāṃ bhrātṛjāyām”
आशाबन्धः
आशा · बन्ध
आशा एव बन्धः
कर्मधारय — hope, which is itself the binding — the stalk that holds the flower on
कर्मधारय. the tie that hope makes
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“āśaiva bandha āśābandhaḥ kartā”
कुसुमसदृशम्
कुसुम · सदृश
कुसुमेन सदृशम्
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — like a flower
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with हृदयम्. as delicate as a flower
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kusumasadṛśam | sukumāramityarthaḥ”
सद्यःपाति
सद्यस् · पातिन्
सद्यः पाति
कर्मधारय — falling at once
कर्मधारय — it agrees with हृदयम्. apt to drop the moment it is let go
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“sadyaḥpāti sadyobhraṃśanaśīlam”
pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
ताम्
printed तां
तद्
her
अव्यय
च
printed चावश्यं
च
and
अव्यय
अवश्यम्
printed चावश्यं
अवश्यम्
without fail — the word carries the whole comfort of the verse
ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
दिवसगणनातत्पराम्
printed दिवसगणनातत्परामेकपत्नीं
तत्परा
wholly given to it — Mallinātha glosses आसक्ताम्, fixed on it
ī-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
एकपत्नीम्
printed दिवसगणनातत्परामेकपत्नीं
एकपत्नी
a wife of one husband — Mallinātha glosses पतिव्रताम्
एकपत्नीम् is a bahuvrīhi, एकः पतिः यस्याः सा, “she who has one husband” — hence “true to one man”; Mallinātha glosses पतिव्रताम्. Beside it भ्रातृजायाम्, “brother’s wife”, is the delicate word: the yakṣa asks the cloud to look for his own wife but names her as a brother’s wife, so that another may look on her without impropriety, as on a mother (मातृवत्). The two compounds together guard her honour even as he sends a stranger to find her.
√पद् + नञ् + क्त, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
अव्यापन्नाम्
printed अव्यापन्नामविहतगतिर्द्रक्ष्यसि
अव्यापन्ना, from वि + आ + √पद्
not come to harm — still alive, Mallinātha says, on the hope of his return
i-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
अविहतगतिः
printed अव्यापन्नामविहतगतिर्द्रक्ष्यसि
गति
going, motion — inside a bahuvrīhi describing the cloud itself
√दृश्, class 1, लृट्, parasmaipada, second person singular
द्रक्ष्यसि
printed अव्यापन्नामविहतगतिर्द्रक्ष्यसि
√दृश्
you will see — the future, and a promise rather than a guess
ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
भ्रातृजायाम्
जाया
wife — and the compound makes her your brother’s, which is how you may look at her
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
आशाबन्धः
बन्ध
the bond — and the compound makes it hope itself that binds
The whole fourth line is arthāntaranyāsa — a general truth laid under the particular case, the figure Mallinātha named at 1.3. The particular thing is the promise that she is still alive; the general truth is why anyone in her state would be: आशाबन्धः, “the tie that hope makes” (आशा एव बन्धः, hope which is itself the stalk), holds a woman’s flower-like heart on its stem in separation, when it would otherwise drop at once. She lives because she hopes, and the maxim accounts for the promise.
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
कुसुमसदृशम्
printed कुसुमसदृशं
सदृश
like — the compound says like what: a flower
अव्यय
प्रायशः
printed प्रायशो
प्रायशः
for the most part
अव्यय
हि
printed ह्यङ्गनानां
हि
for — the particle of the general truth
ā-stem feminine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural
अङ्गनानाम्
printed ह्यङ्गनानां
अङ्गना
of women
in-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
सद्यःपाति
पातिन्
quick to fall — an in-stem in the neuter, which the generator does not build
सद्यःपाति and प्रणयि both describe हृदयम् and both end in the suffix इन् — पातिन् “apt to fall”, प्रणयिन् “full of love” — put in the neuter accusative singular, सद्यःपाति, प्रणयि. An in-stem in the neuter loses the न् in these cases and shortens, so the ending is bare -इ, not the -इनम् a masculine would show. The paradigm generator builds no neuter in-stem, so these two words carry no table; the point to hold is that the neuter drops the न् where the masculine keeps it.
in-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
प्रणयि
प्रणयिन्
full of love — again an in-stem in the neuter
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
हृदयम्
printed हृदयं
हृदय
the heart — and Mallinātha glosses it जीवितम्, the life itself
a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
विप्रयोगे
विप्रयोग
in separation — the locative of the circumstance
√रुध्, class 7, लट्, parasmaipada, third person singular
रुणद्धि
√रुध्
holds it back — the seventh class, which puts a nasal inside the root
रुणद्धि, “holds it back”, from √रुध् “to obstruct”, third person singular present. √रुध् is a seventh-class root (रुधादि), and the seventh class is the one that builds its present not with an ending tacked on the outside but with a nasal driven inside the root: रु-ण-ध् + ति. This is the first seventh-class verb in the poem, and the infixed न (here ण् by retroflexion) is the whole mark of the class — the stem changes shape from within, where the ninth class of जानामि added ना from without.
अविहतगतिः · दिवसगणनातत्पराम् · एकपत्नीम् · अव्यापन्नाम् · ताम् · भ्रातृजायाम् · च · अवश्यम् · द्रक्ष्यसि · प्रायशः · हि · अङ्गनानाम् · कुसुमसदृशम् · सद्यःपाति · प्रणयि · हृदयम् · विप्रयोगे · आशाबन्धः · रुणद्धि
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
द्रक्ष्यसि · क्रिया — you will see; the promise the verse turns on
अविहतगतिः · your own passage unbroken — a bahuvrīhi describing you, the cloud, the unnamed agent
ताम् · कर्म — her
दिवसगणनातत्पराम् · given wholly to counting the days left — agreeing with ताम्
एकपत्नीम् · true to one husband — a bahuvrīhi describing her
अव्यापन्नाम् · not come to harm, still alive — agreeing with ताम्
भ्रातृजायाम् · as your brother’s wife — agreeing with ताम्
च · and — joining the promise to what came before
अवश्यम् · क्रियाविशेषण — without fail
रुणद्धि · the general truth, hung beneath the verb: holds it back
आशाबन्धः · कर्ता — the tie that hope makes
हृदयम् · कर्म — the heart
अङ्गनानाम् · of women — genitive with हृदयम्
कुसुमसदृशम् · delicate as a flower — agreeing with हृदयम्
सद्यःपाति · apt to drop the moment it is let go — agreeing with हृदयम्
प्रणयि · full of love — agreeing with हृदयम्
विप्रयोगे · अधिकरण — in separation
प्रायशः · क्रियाविशेषण — for the most part
हि · for — the particle of the general truth
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
And your own passage unbroken, you will certainly see her — my brother’s wife, true to one husband, counting off the days that are left, and still alive. For the most part it is hope, and hope alone, that holds a woman’s heart back in separation — a heart like a flower, full of love and ready to fall the moment it is let go.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
And your own passage unbroken, you will surely see her — my brother’s wife, true to one husband, counting off the days that are left, and still alive. For the most part it is hope, and hope alone, that holds a woman’s heart back in separation — a heart like a flower, full of love and ready to fall the moment it is let go.
अर्थान्तरन्यास — a general truth set beside the particular case, to account for it
The promise that she is alive is the particular thing; the second half says why anyone in her position would still be — hope holds the heart on its stalk. Mallinātha names the figure in one word here, having defined it at 1.3.
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“arthāntaranyāsaḥ”