प्रियसखम्
प्रिय · सख
प्रियः सखा
कर्मधारय — a dear friend
कर्मधारय — it agrees with शैलम्. his dear friend — the mountain he has lived on
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“priyaṃ sakhāyaṃ priyasakham”
मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.12
रामगिरि · the leave-taking
आपृच्छस्व प्रियसखममुं तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य शैलं
वन्द्यैः पुंसां रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं मेखलासु
काले काले भवति भवतो यस्य संयोगमेत्य
स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं मुञ्चतो वाष्पमुष्णम्
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
प्रियसखम् + अमुम् → प्रियसखममुं
म् + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
तुङ्गम् + आलिङ्ग्य → तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य
म् + आ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
शैलम् + वन्द्यैः → शैलं
म् + व्
पुंसाम् + रघुपतिपदैः → पुंसां
म् + र्
रघुपतिपदैः + अङ्कितम् → रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं
ः + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
भवतः + यस्य → भवतो
ः + य्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
संयोगम् + एत्य → संयोगमेत्य
म् + ए
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
स्नेहव्यक्तिः + चिरविरहजम् → स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं
ः + च्
मुञ्चतः + बाष्पम् → मुञ्चतो
ः + ब्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
बाष्पम् + उष्णम् → वाष्पमुष्णम्
म् + उ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
प्रिय + सख → प्रियसखम्
अ + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
रघु + पति → रघुपतिपदैः
उ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
पति + पद → रघुपतिपदैः
इ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
स्नेह + व्यक्ति → स्नेहव्यक्तिः
अ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
चिर + विरह → चिरविरहजम्
अ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
विरह + ज → चिरविरहजम्
अ + ज्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
The verse is full of absolutive joins and one visarga change. प्रियसखममुं is प्रियसखम् + अमुम्: म् stays म् before the vowel. तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य keeps म् before आ likewise. रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं is पदैः + अङ्कितम्: the visarga after ऐ becomes र् before the vowel (पदैर्). स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं is व्यक्तिः + चिरविरहजम्: the visarga becomes श् before the palatal च् (8.3.34, 8.4.40). मुञ्चतो वाष्पम् is मुञ्चतः + वाष्पम्, the visarga after अ becoming ओ before the voiced व्.
अमुम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
तुङ्गम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
शैलम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with प्रियसखम्
वन्द्यैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
पुंसाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
रघुपतिपदैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
अङ्कितम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
मेखलासु सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
काले सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
काले सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
भवतः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
with मुञ्चतः
यस्य षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
संयोगम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
स्नेहव्यक्तिः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
बाष्पम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with चिरविरहजम्
उष्णम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 17 · तुदादिभ्यः शः
प्रकरण 22 · स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता
प्रकरण 33 · धातोः
प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ
प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्
प्रकरण 48 · शेषे
not in the abridgement
प्रियसखम्
प्रिय · सख
प्रियः सखा
कर्मधारय — a dear friend
कर्मधारय — it agrees with शैलम्. his dear friend — the mountain he has lived on
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“priyaṃ sakhāyaṃ priyasakham”
रघुपतिपदैः
रघु · पति · पद
रघूणां पतिः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the lord of the Raghus — Rāma
रघुपतेः पदानि
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — his footprints
तत्पुरुष. by Rāma’s footprints — he lived on this mountain in exile too, which is why the yakṣa is on it
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“raghupatipadai rāmapādanyāsaiḥ”
स्नेहव्यक्तिः
स्नेह · व्यक्ति
स्नेहस्य व्यक्तिः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the coming-out of affection
तत्पुरुष. affection showing itself
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“snehavyaktiḥ premāvirbhāvaḥ”
चिरविरहजम्
चिर · विरह · ज
चिरः विरहः
कर्मधारय — a long separation
चिरविरहात् जम्
तत्पुरुष (ablative) — born of that long separation
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with बाष्पम्. brought on by being apart so long
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī
√प्रच्छ्, class 6, लोट्, atmanepada, second person singular
आपृच्छस्व
√प्रच्छ्
take your leave of — आ + √प्रच्छ्, which takes the middle voice in this sense
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
प्रियसखम्
printed प्रियसखममुं
सख
friend — the compound makes him a dear one
pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
अमुम्
printed प्रियसखममुं
अदस्
this one here — the demonstrative for what is in sight
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
तुङ्गम्
printed तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य
तुङ्ग
lofty — Mallinātha glosses उन्नतम्
√लिङ्ग् + ल्यप्
आलिङ्ग्य
printed तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य
आलिङ्ग्य, from आ + √लिङ्ग्
having embraced — क्त्वा becomes ल्यप् because the root carries a prefix
आलिङ्ग्य, “having embraced”, and एत्य, “having come to”, are both absolutives — the form that says “having done X” before the main verb. An absolutive is made with क्त्वा (as in श्रुत्वा, “having heard”, in 1.11); but when the root carries a prefix, क्त्वा is replaced by ल्यप्, which shows as -य: आ + √लिङ्ग् → आलिङ्ग्य, आ + √इ → एत्य. This is the first ल्यप् in the poem, and the rule is worth holding: a bare root takes क्त्वा, a prefixed root takes ल्यप्.
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
शैलम्
printed शैलं
शैल
the mountain — Rāmagiri, which Mallinātha identifies as Citrakūṭa
√वन्द् + ण्यत्, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
वन्द्यैः
वन्द्य, from √वन्द्
to be revered — a kṛtya, so it agrees with the footprints, not with the men
वन्द्यैः, “to be revered”, is a kṛtya — the participle of obligation, from √वन्द् with ण्यत्. A kṛtya is passive and agrees with the thing that is to be done to, so वन्द्यैः agrees not with पुंसाम्, “men”, but with रघुपतिपदैः, “the footprints”: the footprints are what men are to revere. Mallinātha glosses नरैः आराधनीयैः, “to be worshipped by men”, and पुंसाम् is the genitive of the worshippers, not the thing worshipped.
s-stem masculine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural
पुंसाम्
printed पुंसां
पुंस्
by men — a consonant stem that changes shape in the weak cases, and no generated table has it
पुंसाम्, “of men”, is the genitive plural of पुंस्, “man” — a consonant stem that changes shape between its strong and weak cases: the nominative singular is पुमान्, but the weak cases show पुंस्, so the genitive plural is पुंसाम्. It is one of the irregular consonant stems the paradigm generator does not build, so the word carries no table; the point is only to recognise पुंस् and पुमान् as two faces of one stem.
a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
रघुपतिपदैः
printed रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं
पद
footprints — and the compound says whose: the lord of the Raghus, Rāma
√अङ्क् + णिच् + क्त, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
अङ्कितम्
printed रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं
अङ्कित, from √अङ्क् with णिच्
marked — Mallinātha glosses चिह्नितम्
ā-stem feminine, सप्तमी बहुवचन locative plural
मेखलासु
मेखला
on its slopes — the word is a girdle, and a mountain’s girdle is its middle terraces
a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
काले
काल
at the season
a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
काले
काल
and at the season again — the doubling makes it "every time it comes round"
√भू, class 1, लट्, parasmaipada, third person singular
भवति
√भू
there is, there comes to be
at-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
भवतः
printed भवतो
भवत्
with you — the polite word in the genitive, going with संयोगम्. भवत् is the polite word for you and stands where a pronoun would, but its endings are the ordinary at-stem ones
pronoun, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
यस्य
यद्
whose — the relative, of the mountain
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
संयोगम्
printed संयोगमेत्य
संयोग
meeting, contact — Mallinātha glosses सम्पर्कम्
√इ + ल्यप्
एत्य
printed संयोगमेत्य
एत्य, from आ + √इ
having come to — again ल्यप्, because आ + √इ carries a prefix
i-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
स्नेहव्यक्तिः
printed स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं
व्यक्ति
the showing — and the compound says of what: of affection
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
चिरविरहजम्
printed स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं
ज
born of — the compound says of what: of long separation
√मुच् + शतृ, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
मुञ्चतः
printed मुञ्चतो
मुञ्चत्, from √मुच्
letting go, shedding — a present participle in the genitive, agreeing with यस्य
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
बाष्पम्
printed वाष्पमुष्णम्
बाष्प
tears — and the same word means the steam off a hot rock, which is what a mountain sheds. The text prints it वाष्प, with व for ब, as manuscripts often do
बाष्पम् carries two senses at once, and the verse wants both: bāṣpa is “tears”, and it is also the steam or mist a hot thing gives off — Mallinātha cites the lexicon, बाष्पो नेत्रजलोष्मणोः, “bāṣpa means tear-water and heat-vapour”. So the mountain, meeting the rain-cloud, “sheds hot tears” — which is the mist that rises off warm rock in the rains — and the tears are read as affection showing itself (स्नेहव्यक्तिः). The text prints वाष्प, with व for ब, as manuscripts often do.
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
उष्णम्
printed वाष्पमुष्णम्
उष्ण
hot — agreeing with बाष्पम्
अमुम् · तुङ्गम् · पुंसाम् · वन्द्यैः · रघुपतिपदैः · मेखलासु · अङ्कितम् · प्रियसखम् · शैलम् · आलिङ्ग्य · आपृच्छस्व · यस्य · भवतः · संयोगम् · एत्य · चिरविरहजम् · उष्णम् · बाष्पम् · मुञ्चतः · काले · काले · स्नेहव्यक्तिः · भवति
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
आपृच्छस्व · क्रिया — take your leave; the request the verse turns on
शैलम् · कर्म — the mountain
अमुम् · this one here — agreeing with शैलम्
तुङ्गम् · lofty — agreeing with शैलम्
प्रियसखम् · your dear friend — agreeing with शैलम्
अङ्कितम् · marked — agreeing with शैलम्
रघुपतिपदैः · करण — by Rāma’s footprints
वन्द्यैः · to be revered — agreeing with the footprints
पुंसाम् · by men — genitive with वन्द्यैः
मेखलासु · अधिकरण — on its slopes
आलिङ्ग्य · having embraced — the absolutive, with your arms round him
भवति · the relative clause, hung beneath: there comes to be
स्नेहव्यक्तिः · कर्ता — affection showing itself
काले · अधिकरण — at the season
काले · and at the season again — every season
मुञ्चतः · of him letting go — a genitive participle, of the mountain (यस्य)
यस्य · whose — the relative, of the mountain
संयोगम् · कर्म — the meeting
भवतः · with you — genitive with the meeting
एत्य · having come to — the absolutive
बाष्पम् · कर्म — the tears
उष्णम् · hot — agreeing with बाष्पम्
चिरविरहजम् · born of long separation — agreeing with बाष्पम्
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
Take your leave of this high mountain, your dear friend, with your arms round him — marked on his slopes by Rāma’s footprints, which men revere. Every season, when he meets you, he lets go the hot tears that long separation makes, and that is his affection showing itself.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
Take your leave of this high mountain, your dear friend, with your arms round him — marked on his slopes by Rāma’s footprints, which men revere. Every season, when he meets you, he lets go the hot tears that long separation brings, and that shedding is his affection showing itself.
No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.