मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.12

रामगिरि · the leave-taking

आपृच्छस्व प्रियसखममुं तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य शैलं

आ
पृ
च्छ
स्व
प्रि
य
स
ख
म
मुं
तु
ङ्ग
मा
लि
ङ्ग्य
शै
लं

वन्द्यैः पुंसां रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं मेखलासु

व
न्द्यैः
पुं
सां
र
घु
प
ति
प
दै
र
ङ्कि
तं
मे
ख
ला
सु

काले काले भवति भवतो यस्य संयोगमेत्य

का
ले
का
ले
भ
व
ति
भ
व
तो
य
स्य
सं
यो
ग
मे
त्य

स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं मुञ्चतो वाष्पमुष्णम्

स्ने
ह
व्य
क्ति
श्चि
र
वि
र
ह
जं
मु
ञ्च
तो
वा
ष्प
मु
ष्णम्

pāda a

  • आguruits long vowel आ
  • पृguruthe conjunct च्छ that follows it
  • च्छguruthe conjunct स्व that follows it
  • स्वguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • खlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मुंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • तुguruthe conjunct ङ्ग that follows it
  • ङ्गlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • लिguruthe conjunct ङ्ग्य that follows it
  • ङ्ग्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • लंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — आपृच्छस्व
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — प्रियसखममुं

pāda b

  • वguruthe conjunct न्द्य that follows it
  • न्द्यैःguruthe visarga it carries
  • पुंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • सांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • घुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • रguruthe conjunct ङ्क that follows it
  • ङ्किlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • मेguruits long vowel ए
  • खlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लाguruits long vowel आ
  • सुlaghuits short vowel — light on its own, though the pāda ends here
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — पुंसां
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound रघुपतिपदैः

pāda c

  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • लेguruits long vowel ए
  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • लेguruits long vowel ए
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तोguruits long vowel ओ
  • यguruthe conjunct स्य that follows it
  • स्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • संguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • योguruits long vowel ओ
  • गlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मेguruits long vowel ए
  • त्यlaghuits short vowel — light on its own, though the pāda ends here
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — काले
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — भवतो

pāda d

  • स्नेguruits long vowel ए
  • हguruthe conjunct व्य that follows it
  • व्यguruthe conjunct क्त that follows it
  • क्तिguruthe conjunct श्च that follows it
  • श्चिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • मुguruthe conjunct ञ्च that follows it
  • ञ्चlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तोguruits long vowel ओ
  • वाguruits long vowel आ
  • ष्पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मुguruthe conjunct ष्ण्म that follows it
  • ष्णम्guruthe end of the pāda, which counts the last syllable heavy
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside the compound स्नेहव्यक्तिः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं
  • प्रियसखम् + अमुम् → प्रियसखममुं

    म् + अ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • तुङ्गम् + आलिङ्ग्य → तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य

    म् + आ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • शैलम् + वन्द्यैः → शैलं

    म् + व्

  • पुंसाम् + रघुपतिपदैः → पुंसां

    म् + र्

  • रघुपतिपदैः + अङ्कितम् → रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं

    ः + अ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • भवतः + यस्य → भवतो

    ः + य्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • संयोगम् + एत्य → संयोगमेत्य

    म् + ए

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • स्नेहव्यक्तिः + चिरविरहजम् → स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं

    ः + च्

  • मुञ्चतः + बाष्पम् → मुञ्चतो

    ः + ब्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • बाष्पम् + उष्णम् → वाष्पमुष्णम्

    म् + उ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • प्रिय + सख → प्रियसखम्

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • रघु + पति → रघुपतिपदैः

    उ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • पति + पद → रघुपतिपदैः

    इ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • स्नेह + व्यक्ति → स्नेहव्यक्तिः

    अ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • चिर + विरह → चिरविरहजम्

    अ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • विरह + ज → चिरविरहजम्

    अ + ज्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

The verse is full of absolutive joins and one visarga change. प्रियसखममुं is प्रियसखम् + अमुम्: म् stays म् before the vowel. तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य keeps म् before आ likewise. रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं is पदैः + अङ्कितम्: the visarga after ऐ becomes र् before the vowel (पदैर्). स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं is व्यक्तिः + चिरविरहजम्: the visarga becomes श् before the palatal च् (8.3.34, 8.4.40). मुञ्चतो वाष्पम् is मुञ्चतः + वाष्पम्, the visarga after अ becoming ओ before the voiced व्.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt
  • अमुम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • तुङ्गम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • शैलम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with प्रियसखम्

  • वन्द्यैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • पुंसाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • रघुपतिपदैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • अङ्कितम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • मेखलासु सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • काले सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • काले सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • भवतः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

    with मुञ्चतः

  • यस्य षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • संयोगम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • स्नेहव्यक्तिः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • बाष्पम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with चिरविरहजम्

  • उष्णम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 17 · तुदादिभ्यः शः

प्रकरण 22 · स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता

प्रकरण 33 · धातोः

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्

प्रकरण 48 · शेषे

not in the abridgement

  • अ अ 8.4.68← आलिङ्ग्य; वन्द्यैः; अङ्कितम्; भवति; एत्य; मुञ्चतः

प्रियसखम्

प्रिय · सख

  1. प्रियः सखा

    कर्मधारय — a dear friend

कर्मधारय — it agrees with शैलम्. his dear friend — the mountain he has lived on

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“priyaṃ sakhāyaṃ priyasakham”

रघुपतिपदैः

रघु · पति · पद

  1. रघूणां पतिः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the lord of the Raghus — Rāma

  2. रघुपतेः पदानि

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — his footprints

तत्पुरुष. by Rāma’s footprints — he lived on this mountain in exile too, which is why the yakṣa is on it

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“raghupatipadai rāmapādanyāsaiḥ”

स्नेहव्यक्तिः

स्नेह · व्यक्ति

  1. स्नेहस्य व्यक्तिः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the coming-out of affection

तत्पुरुष. affection showing itself

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“snehavyaktiḥ premāvirbhāvaḥ”

चिरविरहजम्

चिर · विरह · ज

  1. चिरः विरहः

    कर्मधारय — a long separation

  2. चिरविरहात् जम्

    तत्पुरुष (ablative) — born of that long separation

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with बाष्पम्. brought on by being apart so long

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī

  • √प्रच्छ्, class 6, लोट्, atmanepada, second person singular

    आपृच्छस्व

    √प्रच्छ्

    take your leave of — आ + √प्रच्छ्, which takes the middle voice in this sense

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    प्रियसखम्

    printed प्रियसखममुं

    सख

    friend — the compound makes him a dear one

  • pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    अमुम्

    printed प्रियसखममुं

    अदस्

    this one here — the demonstrative for what is in sight

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    तुङ्गम्

    printed तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य

    तुङ्ग

    lofty — Mallinātha glosses उन्नतम्

  • √लिङ्ग् + ल्यप्

    आलिङ्ग्य

    printed तुङ्गमालिङ्ग्य

    आलिङ्ग्य, from आ + √लिङ्ग्

    having embraced — क्त्वा becomes ल्यप् because the root carries a prefix

    आलिङ्ग्य, “having embraced”, and एत्य, “having come to”, are both absolutives — the form that says “having done X” before the main verb. An absolutive is made with क्त्वा (as in श्रुत्वा, “having heard”, in 1.11); but when the root carries a prefix, क्त्वा is replaced by ल्यप्, which shows as -य: आ + √लिङ्ग् → आलिङ्ग्य, आ + √इ → एत्य. This is the first ल्यप् in the poem, and the rule is worth holding: a bare root takes क्त्वा, a prefixed root takes ल्यप्.

    • Bālānandinī (LSK, Telugu) — क्त्वा-ल्यप् / कृदन्त प्रकरणम्; vendor/balanandini-lsk-telugu-ocr.txt
  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    शैलम्

    printed शैलं

    शैल

    the mountain — Rāmagiri, which Mallinātha identifies as Citrakūṭa

  • √वन्द् + ण्यत्, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    वन्द्यैः

    वन्द्य, from √वन्द्

    to be revered — a kṛtya, so it agrees with the footprints, not with the men

    वन्द्यैः, “to be revered”, is a kṛtya — the participle of obligation, from √वन्द् with ण्यत्. A kṛtya is passive and agrees with the thing that is to be done to, so वन्द्यैः agrees not with पुंसाम्, “men”, but with रघुपतिपदैः, “the footprints”: the footprints are what men are to revere. Mallinātha glosses नरैः आराधनीयैः, “to be worshipped by men”, and पुंसाम् is the genitive of the worshippers, not the thing worshipped.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.12: vandyairnarārādhanīyaiḥ
  • s-stem masculine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural

    पुंसाम्

    printed पुंसां

    पुंस्

    by men — a consonant stem that changes shape in the weak cases, and no generated table has it

    पुंसाम्, “of men”, is the genitive plural of पुंस्, “man” — a consonant stem that changes shape between its strong and weak cases: the nominative singular is पुमान्, but the weak cases show पुंस्, so the genitive plural is पुंसाम्. It is one of the irregular consonant stems the paradigm generator does not build, so the word carries no table; the point is only to recognise पुंस् and पुमान् as two faces of one stem.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.12: puṃsāṃ, vandyaiḥ narārādhanīyaiḥ
  • a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    रघुपतिपदैः

    printed रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं

    पद

    footprints — and the compound says whose: the lord of the Raghus, Rāma

  • √अङ्क् + णिच् + क्त, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    अङ्कितम्

    printed रघुपतिपदैरङ्कितं

    अङ्कित, from √अङ्क् with णिच्

    marked — Mallinātha glosses चिह्नितम्

  • ā-stem feminine, सप्तमी बहुवचन locative plural

    मेखलासु

    मेखला

    on its slopes — the word is a girdle, and a mountain’s girdle is its middle terraces

  • a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    काले

    काल

    at the season

  • a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    काले

    काल

    and at the season again — the doubling makes it "every time it comes round"

  • √भू, class 1, लट्, parasmaipada, third person singular

    भवति

    √भू

    there is, there comes to be

  • at-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    भवतः

    printed भवतो

    भवत्

    with you — the polite word in the genitive, going with संयोगम्. भवत् is the polite word for you and stands where a pronoun would, but its endings are the ordinary at-stem ones

  • pronoun, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    यस्य

    यद्

    whose — the relative, of the mountain

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    संयोगम्

    printed संयोगमेत्य

    संयोग

    meeting, contact — Mallinātha glosses सम्पर्कम्

  • √इ + ल्यप्

    एत्य

    printed संयोगमेत्य

    एत्य, from आ + √इ

    having come to — again ल्यप्, because आ + √इ carries a prefix

  • i-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    स्नेहव्यक्तिः

    printed स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं

    व्यक्ति

    the showing — and the compound says of what: of affection

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    चिरविरहजम्

    printed स्नेहव्यक्तिश्चिरविरहजं

    ज

    born of — the compound says of what: of long separation

  • √मुच् + शतृ, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    मुञ्चतः

    printed मुञ्चतो

    मुञ्चत्, from √मुच्

    letting go, shedding — a present participle in the genitive, agreeing with यस्य

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    बाष्पम्

    printed वाष्पमुष्णम्

    बाष्प

    tears — and the same word means the steam off a hot rock, which is what a mountain sheds. The text prints it वाष्प, with व for ब, as manuscripts often do

    बाष्पम् carries two senses at once, and the verse wants both: bāṣpa is “tears”, and it is also the steam or mist a hot thing gives off — Mallinātha cites the lexicon, बाष्पो नेत्रजलोष्मणोः, “bāṣpa means tear-water and heat-vapour”. So the mountain, meeting the rain-cloud, “sheds hot tears” — which is the mist that rises off warm rock in the rains — and the tears are read as affection showing itself (स्नेहव्यक्तिः). The text prints वाष्प, with व for ब, as manuscripts often do.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.12: bāṣpo netrajaloṣmaṇoḥ iti viśvaḥ
  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    उष्णम्

    printed वाष्पमुष्णम्

    उष्ण

    hot — agreeing with बाष्पम्

अमुम् · तुङ्गम् · पुंसाम् · वन्द्यैः · रघुपतिपदैः · मेखलासु · अङ्कितम् · प्रियसखम् · शैलम् · आलिङ्ग्य · आपृच्छस्व · यस्य · भवतः · संयोगम् · एत्य · चिरविरहजम् · उष्णम् · बाष्पम् · मुञ्चतः · काले · काले · स्नेहव्यक्तिः · भवति

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”

the dependency structure

आपृच्छस्व · क्रिया — take your leave; the request the verse turns on

शैलम् · कर्म — the mountain

अमुम् · this one here — agreeing with शैलम्

तुङ्गम् · lofty — agreeing with शैलम्

प्रियसखम् · your dear friend — agreeing with शैलम्

अङ्कितम् · marked — agreeing with शैलम्

रघुपतिपदैः · करण — by Rāma’s footprints

वन्द्यैः · to be revered — agreeing with the footprints

पुंसाम् · by men — genitive with वन्द्यैः

मेखलासु · अधिकरण — on its slopes

आलिङ्ग्य · having embraced — the absolutive, with your arms round him

भवति · the relative clause, hung beneath: there comes to be

स्नेहव्यक्तिः · कर्ता — affection showing itself

काले · अधिकरण — at the season

काले · and at the season again — every season

मुञ्चतः · of him letting go — a genitive participle, of the mountain (यस्य)

यस्य · whose — the relative, of the mountain

संयोगम् · कर्म — the meeting

भवतः · with you — genitive with the meeting

एत्य · having come to — the absolutive

बाष्पम् · कर्म — the tears

उष्णम् · hot — agreeing with बाष्पम्

चिरविरहजम् · born of long separation — agreeing with बाष्पम्

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī

Take your leave of this high mountain, your dear friend, with your arms round him — marked on his slopes by Rāma’s footprints, which men revere. Every season, when he meets you, he lets go the hot tears that long separation makes, and that is his affection showing itself.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss

Take your leave of this high mountain, your dear friend, with your arms round him — marked on his slopes by Rāma’s footprints, which men revere. Every season, when he meets you, he lets go the hot tears that long separation brings, and that shedding is his affection showing itself.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.12, whole-verse gloss

No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.