मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.14
रामगिरि · the setting out
अद्रेः शृङ्गं हरति पवनः किं स्विदित्युन्मुखीभिर्
दृष्टोत्साहश्चकितचकितं मुग्धसिद्धाङ्गनाभिः
स्थानादस्मात् सरसनिचुलादुत्पतोदङ्मुखः खं
दिङ्नागानां पथि परिहरन् स्थूलहस्तावलेपान्
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
शृङ्गम् + हरति → शृङ्गं
म् + ह्
किम् + स्वित् → किं
म् + स्
स्वित् + इति → स्विदित्युन्मुखीभिर्
त् + इ
इति + उन्मुखीभिः → स्विदित्युन्मुखीभिर्
इ + उ
दृष्टोत्साहः + चकितचकितम् → दृष्टोत्साहश्चकितचकितं
ः + च्
स्थानात् + अस्मात् → स्थानादस्मात्
त् + अ
सरसनिचुलात् + उत्पत → सरसनिचुलादुत्पतोदङ्मुखः
त् + उ
उत्पत + उदङ्मुखः → सरसनिचुलादुत्पतोदङ्मुखः
अ + उ → ओ
खम् + दिङ्नागानाम् → खं
म् + द्
दिङ्नागानाम् + पथि → दिङ्नागानां
म् + प्
दृष्ट + उत्साह → दृष्टोत्साहः
अ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable ष्टो
मुग्ध + सिद्ध → मुग्धसिद्धाङ्गनाभिः
अ + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
सिद्ध + अङ्गना → मुग्धसिद्धाङ्गनाभिः
अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable द्धा
सरस + निचुल → सरसनिचुलात्
अ + न्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
उदच् + मुख → उदङ्मुखः
च् + म्
दिश् + नाग → दिङ्नागानाम्
श् + न्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
स्थूल + हस्त → स्थूलहस्तावलेपान्
अ + ह्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
हस्त + अवलेप → स्थूलहस्तावलेपान्
अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable स्ता
The run स्विदित्युन्मुखीभिर् packs three joins: स्वित् + इति keeps its त् and takes the इ (स्विदिति); इति + उन्मुखीभिः merges इ + उ into य् before the vowel (इत्युन्); and before the vowel of the next word the final विसर्ग of उन्मुखीभिः becomes र्. दृष्टोत्साहश्चकितचकितं is दृष्टोत्साहः + चकितचकितम्, the विसर्ग turning श् before the palatal च् (श्चुत्व). सरसनिचुलादुत्पतोदङ्मुखः is सरसनिचुलात् + उत्पत, the dental त् voiced to द् before the vowel, then उत्पत + उदङ्मुखः merging अ + उ into ओ. खमाकाशम् shows म् + आ keeping the म्.
अद्रेः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
शृङ्गम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
पवनः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
with परिहरन्
किम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
उन्मुखीभिः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
चकितचकितम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
मुग्धसिद्धाङ्गनाभिः तृतीया · instrumental — करण — the instrumental standing for the agent of a passive participle
मुग्धसिद्धाङ्गनाभिः is instrumental, and the instrumental’s ordinary work is the instrument or the cause. Here it is neither: दृष्ट, “seen”, is a past participle used passively, and a passive verb puts its agent — the one who does the seeing — in the instrumental. So the women are not an instrument but the seers: “the cloud whose eagerness was seen by the artless Siddha women”. The same turn stands behind उन्मुखीभिः, which agrees with them.
स्थानात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure
with सरसनिचुलात्
अस्मात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure
खम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
दिङ्नागानाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
पथि सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
स्थूलहस्तावलेपान् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ
not in the abridgement
दृष्टोत्साहः
दृष्ट · उत्साह
दृष्टः उत्साहः यस्य सः
बहुव्रीहि — one whose eagerness has been seen
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to मेघः. the cloud, with the women watching him gather himself — Mallinātha glosses दृष्टोद्योगः सन्, "his effort having been seen"
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“dṛṣṭotsāho dṛṣṭodyogaḥ san”
मुग्धसिद्धाङ्गनाभिः
मुग्ध · सिद्ध · अङ्गना
सिद्धानाम् अङ्गनाः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the women of the Siddhas
मुग्धाः सिद्धाङ्गनाः
कर्मधारय — and they are artless — Mallinātha glosses मूढाभिः
कर्मधारय. the simple women of the Siddhas — Amara gives मुग्ध both senses at once, lovely and naive, and the verse wants both
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“mugdhābhirmūḍhābhiḥ … siddhānāṃ devayoni viśeṣāṇāmaṅganābhiḥ”
सरसनिचुलात्
सरस · निचुल
सरसाः निचुलाः यस्मिन् तस्मात्
बहुव्रीहि — from the one in which the niculas are sappy
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to स्थानात्. the place where the cane-willows stand wet — Śabdārṇava gives निचुल as स्थलवेतस, the willow that grows on land
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“sarasā ārdrā nicula sthalavetasā yasmiṃstasmāt”
उदङ्मुखः
उदच् · मुख
उदक् मुखं यस्य सः
बहुव्रीहि — one whose face is northward
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to मेघः. facing north — Mallinātha says why: Alakā lies in the north, so north is the way
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“udaṅmukhaḥ san | alakāyā udīcyatvādityāśayaḥ”
दिङ्नागानाम्
दिश् · नाग
दिशां नागाः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the elephants of the quarters
तत्पुरुष. the elephants that hold up the eight directions — Mallinātha glosses दिग्गजानाम्, and the plural is respect
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“diṅgāgānāṃ diggajānāṃ … pūjāyāṃ bahuvacanam”
स्थूलहस्तावलेपान्
स्थूल · हस्त · अवलेप
स्थूलाः हस्ताः
कर्मधारय — trunks, and they are thick
स्थूलहस्तानाम् अवलेपाः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the buffetings of those thick trunks
तत्पुरुष. the knocks of their heavy trunks — Viśva gives अवलेप as a throw or a slight as well as pride, and Mallinātha takes it as आक्षेप, a shove
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“sthūlā ye hastāḥ karāsteṣāmavalepānākṣepānpariharan”
i-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
अद्रेः
अद्रि
of the mountain — Mallinātha names it: Citrakūṭa, the hill the yakṣa is exiled on
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
शृङ्गम्
printed शृङ्गं
शृङ्ग
the peak — the object of "carries off"
√हृ, class 1, लट्, parasmaipada, third person singular
हरति
√हृ
is carrying off — the present, because the women are watching it happen
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
पवनः
पवन
the wind — Mallinātha glosses वायुः
pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
किम्
printed किं
किम्
what? — the question the women are asking
अव्यय
स्वित्
printed स्विदित्युन्मुखीभिर्
स्वित्
— the particle that turns किम् into a wondering rather than a question. Mallinātha files it under doubt and conjecture
किं स्वित् is a question turned into a wondering. किम्, “what”, would ask a plain question; स्वित् is a particle Mallinātha files under doubt and conjecture (विकल्पवितर्क), and it softens the किम् into a guess — “can the wind be carrying off the mountain's peak?”. The women do not know what the dark shape rising is, and the particle carries that not-knowing. It is the same wondering the whole verse is built on: they lift their faces, startled, and only then see that it is you meaning to go.
अव्यय
इति
printed स्विदित्युन्मुखीभिर्
इति
— the close-quote: everything before it is what they are thinking
ī-stem feminine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
उन्मुखीभिः
printed स्विदित्युन्मुखीभिर्
उन्मुखी
with their faces lifted — Mallinātha glosses उन्नतमुखीभिः and names the rule that puts the ī on a word for a part of the body. It is उन्मुख with ङीष्
उन्मुखीभिः, “with their faces lifted”, is the feminine of उन्मुख made with the suffix ङीष्, the long ई that turns a masculine or neuter stem into a feminine one. Mallinātha names the rule that licenses it here — स्वाङ्गाच्चोपसर्जनादसंयोगोपधात्, the rule that adds ई to a word ending in a part of the body (मुख, the face) when it stands last in a compound. So उन्मुख, “face-up”, becomes उन्मुखी for the women, then the instrumental plural उन्मुखीभिः.
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
दृष्टोत्साहः
printed दृष्टोत्साहश्चकितचकितं
उत्साह
eagerness — and the compound is a bahuvrīhi, so it means the cloud whose eagerness they saw, not the eagerness
दृष्टोत्साहः, उदङ्मुखः and सरसनिचुलात् are three bahuvrīhis in the one verse — compounds that name a thing by something it has. दृष्टोत्साहः, “whose eagerness has been seen”, and उदङ्मुखः, “whose face is northward”, both describe the cloud; सरसनिचुलात्, “in which the willows are wet”, describes the place. A bahuvrīhi takes the gender of what it points at, not of its own last word: मुख is neuter as a noun but masculine here in उदङ्मुखः, agreeing with the cloud, and निचुल is masculine as a noun but neuter in सरसनिचुलात्, agreeing with स्थानात्.
√चक् + क्त, doubled, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
चकितचकितम्
printed दृष्टोत्साहश्चकितचकितं
चकित, from √चक्
startled and startled — the doubling makes it a manner, "in a way that keeps startling". Mallinātha names the rule: a quality word doubles to say the manner. It stands as an adverb
चकितचकितम्, “startled and startled”, is a doubling that makes a manner. When a quality word is doubled it says the way a thing is done — चकितप्रकारं यथा तथा, “in a startled manner” — and Mallinātha names the rule for it, प्रकारे गुणवचनस्य, “a quality word doubles to say the manner”. So the doubled word stands as an adverb of the seeing, not as an adjective of anything. It is a different doubling from खिन्नः खिन्नः in 1.13, which doubled to say “again and again”; this one doubles to say “how”.
ā-stem feminine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
मुग्धसिद्धाङ्गनाभिः
अङ्गना
by the women — the instrumental of the one who sees, since दृष्ट is a past participle used passively
a-stem neuter, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular
स्थानात्
printed स्थानादस्मात्
स्थान
from the place — Mallinātha glosses आश्रमात्, the hermitage he has been sitting in
pronoun, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular
अस्मात्
printed स्थानादस्मात्
इदम्
from this one — the near demonstrative, because the yakṣa is standing in it as he speaks
a-stem neuter, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular
सरसनिचुलात्
printed सरसनिचुलादुत्पतोदङ्मुखः
निचुल
cane-willow — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the place, not the willows. निचुल is masculine as a noun and neuter here, taking the gender of the स्थानात् it describes
√पत्, class 1, लोट्, parasmaipada, second person singular
उत्पत
printed सरसनिचुलादुत्पतोदङ्मुखः
√पत् with उद्
fly up — Mallinātha glosses उद्गच्छ. This is the verse's one command, and everything else in the stanza hangs on it
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
उदङ्मुखः
printed सरसनिचुलादुत्पतोदङ्मुखः
मुख
face — and the compound is a bahuvrīhi, so it means the one facing north. मुख is neuter as a noun and masculine here, taking the gender of the cloud it describes
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
खम्
printed खं
ख
the sky — Mallinātha glosses आकाशम्
a-stem masculine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural
दिङ्नागानाम्
printed दिङ्नागानां
नाग
of the elephants — and the compound says which: the ones that stand at the quarters of the sky
in-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
पथि
पथिन्
on the road — Mallinātha glosses नभोमार्गे, the road through the sky. पथिन् is irregular: it declines on पन्थान् in the strong cases and drops to पथि here
√हृ + शतृ, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
परिहरन्
परिहरत्, from परि + √हृ
keeping clear of — a present participle, so the avoiding goes on all the way up. Mallinātha keeps it as पर��हरन्, glossing what is avoided rather than the word
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural
स्थूलहस्तावलेपान्
अवलेप
the shoves — Viśva gives अवलेप as pride, a throw, or an insult, and Mallinātha takes the middle one: आक्षेप
पवनः · अद्रेः · शृङ्गम् · हरति · किम् · स्वित् · इति · उन्मुखीभिः · मुग्धसिद्धाङ्गनाभिः · चकितचकितम् · दृष्टोत्साहः · अस्मात् · सरसनिचुलात् · स्थानात् · दिङ्नागानाम् · स्थूलहस्तावलेपान् · पथि · परिहरन् · उदङ्मुखः · खम् · उत्पत
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
उत्पत · क्रिया — fly up; Mallinātha glosses उद्गच्छ, and this is the verse's one command, everything else hanging on it
खम् · कर्म — into the sky, the goal of the flight
स्थानात् · अपादान — from the place, Mallinātha's आश्रमात्, the hermitage
अस्मात् · from this one — the near demonstrative, since he is standing in it as he speaks
सरसनिचुलात् · where the cane-willows stand wet — a bahuvrīhi describing स्थानात्
उदङ्मुखः · facing north — a bahuvrīhi describing you, because Alakā lies in the north
परिहरन् · keeping clear of — a present participle describing you, so the avoiding goes on all the way up
स्थूलहस्तावलेपान् · कर्म — the shoves of the thick trunks
दिङ्नागानाम् · of the elephants of the quarters — genitive with the shoves
पथि · अधिकरण — on the road through the sky
दृष्टोत्साहः · your eagerness having been seen — a bahuvrīhi describing you
मुग्धसिद्धाङ्गनाभिः · करण — by the artless women of the Siddhas, the ones who see
उन्मुखीभिः · with their faces lifted — agreeing with the women
चकितचकितम् · startled and startled — an adverb of the seeing
हरति · the thought hung beneath: is [the wind] carrying off?
पवनः · कर्ता — the wind, Mallinātha's वायुः
शृङ्गम् · कर्म — the peak
अद्रेः · of the mountain — genitive with the peak
किम् · what? — the question in the thought
स्वित् · the particle that turns the question into a wondering
इति · the close-quote: everything before it is what they think
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
Is the wind carrying off the mountain's peak? — and at that the artless women of the Siddhas lift their faces, and see, startled and startled again, that you mean to go. Rise from this place where the willows stand wet, face north, and fly up into the sky, keeping clear on the way of the shoves of the thick trunks of the elephants of the quarters.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
Is the wind carrying off the mountain's peak? — and at that the artless women of the Siddhas lift their faces and see, startled and startled again, that you mean to go. Rise from this place where the cane-willows stand wet, face north, and fly up into the sky, keeping clear on the way of the shoves of the thick trunks of the elephants of the quarters.
No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.