मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 2.27

यक्षवधू · the months counted out in flowers

शेषान् मासान् विरहदिवसस्थापितस्यावधेर्वा

शे
षा
न्मा
सा
न्वि
र
ह
दि
व
स
स्था
पि
त
स्या
व
धे
र्वा

विन्यस्यन्ती भुवि गणनया देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः

वि
न्य
स्य
न्ती
भु
वि
ग
ण
न
या
दे
ह
ली
द
त्त
पु
ष्पैः

संभोगं वा हृदयनिहितारम्भमास्वादयन्ती

सं
भो
गं
वा
हृ
द
य
नि
हि
ता
र
म्भ
मा
स्वा
द
य
न्ती

प्रायेणैते रमणविरहेष्वङ्गनानां विनोदाः

प्रा
ये
णै
ते
र
म
ण
वि
र
हे
ष्व
ङ्ग
ना
नां
वि
नो
दाः

alternate reading मत्सङ्गं वा — for a word within pāda c, at syllables 1, 2. Shown, not analysed.

pāda a

  • शेguruits long vowel ए
  • षाguruits long vowel आ
  • न्माguruits long vowel आ
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • न्विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सguruthe conjunct स्थ that follows it
  • स्थाguruits long vowel आ
  • पिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तguruthe conjunct स्य that follows it
  • स्याguruits long vowel आ
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • धेguruits long vowel ए
  • र्वाguruits long vowel आ
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — मासान्
  • yati after 10 — a compound member ends here

pāda b

  • विguruthe conjunct न्य that follows it
  • न्यguruthe conjunct स्य that follows it
  • स्यguruthe conjunct न्त that follows it
  • न्तीguruits long vowel ई
  • भुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • गlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • याguruits long vowel आ
  • देguruits long vowel ए
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लीguruits long vowel ई
  • दguruthe conjunct त्त that follows it
  • त्तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पुguruthe conjunct ष्प that follows it
  • ष्पैःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — विन्यस्यन्ती
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — गणनया

pāda c

  • संguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • भोguruits long vowel ओ
  • गंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • वाguruits long vowel आ
  • हृlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • निlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • ताguruits long vowel आ
  • रguruthe conjunct म्भ that follows it
  • म्भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • स्वाguruits long vowel आ
  • दlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यguruthe conjunct न्त that follows it
  • न्तीguruits long vowel ई
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — वा
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound हृदयनिहितारम्भम्

pāda d

  • प्राguruits long vowel आ
  • येguruits long vowel ए
  • णैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • तेguruits long vowel ए
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हेguruits long vowel ए
  • ष्वguruthe conjunct ङ्ग that follows it
  • ङ्गlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नाguruits long vowel आ
  • नांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नोguruits long vowel ओ
  • दाःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — प्रायेणैते
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound रमणविरहेषु
  • अवधेः + वा → विरहदिवसस्थापितस्यावधेर्वा

    ः + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • संभोगम् + वा → संभोगं

    म् + व्

  • हृदयनिहितारम्भम् + आस्वादयन्ती → हृदयनिहितारम्भमास्वादयन्ती

    म् + आ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • एते + रमणविरहेषु → प्रायेणैते

    ए + र्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • रमणविरहेषु + अङ्गनानाम् → रमणविरहेष्वङ्गनानां

    उ + अ

  • विरह + दिवस → विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य

    अ + द्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • दिवस + स्थापित → विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • देहली + दत्त → देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः

    ई + द्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • दत्त + पुष्प → देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • हृदय + निहित → हृदयनिहितारम्भम्

    अ + न्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • निहित + आरम्भ → हृदयनिहितारम्भम्

    अ + आ → आ · falls inside the syllable ता

  • रमण + विरह → रमणविरहेषु

    अ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

Two vowel-joins lengthen and one raises: स्थापितस्य + अवधेः gives आ and हृदयनिहित + आरम्भम् gives आ, both by Pāṇini 6.1.101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः, while प्रायेण + एते gives ऐ, वृद्धि by 6.1.88 वृद्धिरेचि. रमणविरहेषु + अङ्गनानाम् turns the उ to व् before the vowel — रमणविरहेष्वङ्गनानां — by 6.1.77 इको यणचि. A word-final म् becomes anusvāra before a consonant by 8.3.23 मोऽनुस्वारः — आरम्भं संभोगं, अङ्गनानां विनोदाः — but is simply kept before a vowel, since the rule works only before a consonant: संभोगमास्वादयन्ती. And a word-final स् becomes रु by 8.2.66 ससजुषो रुः and stands as र् before a voiced sound, अवधेर्वा and पुष्पैर्गणनया, where before a pause it would have surfaced as visarga.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt
  • शेषान् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • मासान् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • अवधेः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

    with विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य

  • विन्यस्यन्ती प्रथमा · nominative — present active participle in शतृ, feminine, one of the two guesses

    विन्यस्यन्ती, 'laying out', is the present active participle of √अस् (to throw) with वि and नि, and आस्वादयन्ती, 'tasting', beside it is the same shape — exactly the shape of विस्मरन्ती at 2.26. The affix is शतृ, put where a present-tense ending would go by Pāṇini 3.2.124 लटः शतृशानचौ, so the sense is ongoing: she is laying the flowers out and tasting the union as the cloud is being told about her, not having done either. The feminine is made with ङीप्, the long -ई, by 4.1.6 उगितश्च, because शतृ counts as an उगित् affix — one with a उक् letter (here ऋ) as its silent marker — and the strong stem takes the augment नुम्, the न् heard in -न्ती, by 7.1.70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः. A past participle in क्त would make these things done; the शतृ keeps them going on, which is what the guessing needs.

    • Aṣṭādhyāyī — 3.2.124 लटः शतृशानचौ; 4.1.6 उगितश्च; 7.1.70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः
    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.27: bhuvi bhūtale vinyasyantī vā | puṣpavinyāsair māsān gaṇayantīm ityarthaḥ
  • भुवि सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • गणनया तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • संभोगम् द्वितीया · accusative — the word the two witnesses read differently, each reading the other's gloss

    with हृदयनिहितारम्भम्

    Where text.md prints संभोगम् it brackets मत्सङ्गम् beneath, and the corpus carries both. DCS reads the printed संभोगम्; Mallinātha reads the bracketed one, तं मत्सङ्गम् — and then glosses it with the other, मत्सम्भोगरतिम्, 'the pleasure of union with me'. So each reading is the other's gloss and no sense is at stake; the two scan alike. This is the first place in the run where verse(id).variants already carries the reading the commentary uses, where at 2.15 and 2.26 the variant lived only in the commentary.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.27: taṃ matsaṅgaṃ matsambhogaratim āsvādayantīṃ vā
  • आस्वादयन्ती प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • एते प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • रमणविरहेषु सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • अङ्गनानाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • विनोदाः प्रथमा · nominative — विधेय — the predicate noun 'diversions', the tree's root

    The stanza has no finite verb. Its first three pādas describe सा, whose subject and governing verb are carried down from 2.25 (“आलोके ते निपतति” इति पूर्वेण सम्बन्धः), and its one complete sentence is the fourth pāda, प्रायेणैते ... विनोदाः, 'these are, for the most part, diversions'. With the copula unexpressed, the noun विनोदाः is what predicates, and the tree roots there. Mallinātha names the whole a kulaka — त्रिभिः कुलकम्, three stanzas that are one sentence — so the reading of 2.27 has to reach into 2.25 for its verb, as 2.26's did. His gloss is bleaker than the word: विनोदाः is कालयापनोपायाः, means of getting the term to pass, and the term is the one the first pāda was counting the months of.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.27: ete pūrvoktā vinodāḥ kālayāpanopāyāḥ | tribhiḥ kulakam

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

  • हलन्त्यम् 1.3.3← विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य; विन्यस्यन्ती; आस्वादयन्ती
  • तस्य लोपः 1.3.9← शेषान्; मासान्; विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य; अवधेः; विन्यस्यन्ती; आस्वादयन्ती; विनोदाः
  • सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् 1.4.14← विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य; विन्यस्यन्ती; आस्वादयन्ती

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 6 · औङ आपः

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 10 · अहन्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 15 · दिवादिभ्यः श्यन्

प्रकरण 22 · स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

प्रकरण 48 · शेषे

प्रकरण 59 · इवे प्रतिकृतौ

प्रकरण 60 · स्त्रियाम्

not in the abridgement

  • अ अ 8.4.68← विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य; विन्यस्यन्ती; आस्वादयन्ती

विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य

विरह · दिवस · स्थापित

  1. विरहस्य दिवसः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the day of the separation

  2. विरहदिवसात् स्थापितस्य

    तत्पुरुष (ablative) — fixed from that day onward

तत्पुरुष — it refers to अवधेः. fixed from the day they were parted — Mallinātha unpacks the ablative the compound hides and adds the word that makes it a term rather than a date: तत आरभ्य निश्चितस्य, settled by counting forward from then. **And he glosses अवधि with अन्त**, the end, so what she is counting down to is the last day of a sentence that was passed on them. The curse of 1.1 is being measured out in flowers

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks विरहस्य दिवसस्तस्मात्स्थापितस्य तत आरभ्य निश्चितस्यावधेरन्तस्य“virahasya divasas tasmāt sthāpitasya tata ārabhya niścitasyāvadher antasya”

देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः

देहली · दत्त · पुष्प

  1. देहल्यां दत्तानि पुष्पाणि, तैः

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — with the flowers laid on the threshold

तत्पुरुष. with the flowers heaped on the threshold — and Mallinātha makes both halves precise. **देहली is a piece of carpentry**: द्वारस्याधारदारु, the beam the door rests on, with Amara for it — “गृहावग्रहणी देहली”. **And दत्त is not given but put down**: तत्र दत्तानि राशीकृतत्वेन निहितानि यानि पुष्पाणि, the flowers set there in a heap. So the picture is exact — a pile of flowers on the door-beam, and a hand taking them from it one at a time

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses देहली द्वारस्याधारदारु with “गृहावग्रहणी देहली” इत्यमरः, and reads दत्तानि as राशीकृतत्वेन निहितानि“dehalī dvārasyādhāradāru || “gṛhāvagrahaṇī dehalī” ity amaraḥ || tatra dattāni rāśīkṛtatvena nihitāni yāni puṣpāṇi taiḥ”

हृदयनिहितारम्भम्

हृदय · निहित · आरम्भ

  1. हृदये निहितः आरम्भो यस्य तम्

    बहुव्रीहि — whose beginning is laid in the heart

  2. हृदयनिहिता आरम्भा यस्मिन् तम्

    बहुव्रीहि — in which the first moves are laid in the heart

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to संभोगम्. begun in her heart — and Mallinātha gives it **twice**, with यद्वा between. First: हृदये निहितो मनसि सङ्कल्पित आरम्भ उपक्रमो यस्य तम्, that whose starting has been placed in the heart, which is to say only imagined and never made. Then अथवा: हृदयनिहिता आरम्भ चुम्बनादयो व्यापारा यस्मिंस्तम् — that in which the opening acts, the kissing and the rest, are laid in the heart. **The two readings differ in what is imaginary.** On the first the whole union is a thing not begun outside her mind; on the second the union is being tasted and it is only its first moves that are inward. He prefers neither, and the stanza's word for what she is doing — आस्वादयन्ती, tasting — leans to the second

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, both readings his — यद्वा हृदये निहितो मनसि सङ्कल्पित आरम्भ उपक्रमो यस्य तम्, and अथवा हृदयनिहिता आरम्भ चुम्बनादयो व्यापारा यस्मिंस्तम्; that आस्वादयन्ती leans to the second is the reader's“yadvā hṛdaye nihito manasi saṅkalpita ārambha upakramo yasya tam | athavā hṛdayanihitā ārambha cumbanādayo vyāpārā yasmiṃs tam”

रमणविरहेषु

रमण · विरह

  1. रमणस्य विरहाः, तेषु

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — in the absences of their lovers

तत्पुरुष. in their lovers' absences — the plural is the whole point of the general sentence. **One separation is being explained by all separations**: not *her* absence from him but the kind of thing that happens to women when the man is away, which is what makes the fourth pāda able to carry the three stanzas in front of it

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who reads अङ्गनानां रमणविरहेषु एते पूर्वोक्ता विनोदाः“prāyeṇa bāhulyenāṅganānāṃ ramaṇaviraheṣv ete pūrvoktā vinodāḥ”

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural

    शेषान्

    शेष

    the remaining — Mallinātha glosses गतावशिष्टान्, left over after what has gone. **The adjective is doing arithmetic**: the term was fixed, some of it has run, and what she lays out on the floor is the difference

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural

    मासान्

    मास

    the months — the unit the whole curse is counted in, and the first time in either canto that the yakṣa imagines the count being kept at the other end. He has done the counting himself since 1.1; here he pictures her doing it

  • √स्था + णिच् + क्त, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य

    स्थापित, the past participle in क्त of √स्था in णिच्

    fixed — a real past participle in क्त, so DCS's bare `f=part` and the drafting script's standing default agree with the form for once. The causative is what carries the sense: not *stood* but *made to stand*, a term someone set. **Who set it the stanza does not say**, and the poem has known since 1.1 — the curse did

  • i-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    अवधेः

    printed विरहदिवसस्थापितस्यावधेर्वा

    अवधि

    of the term — Mallinātha glosses अन्तस्य, of the end. अवधि is a limit set in advance, and the genitive hangs on शेषान् मासान्: the months left *of it*. **It is the word the whole poem is a countdown against**, and it appears here for the first time in her mouth rather than his

  • अव्यय

    वा

    वा

    or — the fifth in the series that began at 2.25, and the second-to-last. Mallinātha opens the comment with अथवा, taking the particle up before he takes up any word of the stanza

  • √अस् + शतृ, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    विन्यस्यन्ती

    विन्यस्यत्, from √अस् with वि and नि and शतृ, feminine in ङीप्

    laying them out — the present active in शतृ, and the **fourth verse running** in which DCS's bare `f=part` sent the drafting script to a past participle in क्त. The root is the fourth-class √अस्, to throw, the same root that stood at 2.24 in हस्तन्यस्तम्; there it was a real क्त and here it is not. Mallinātha reads the action out in full: पुष्पविन्यासैर्मासान्गणयन्तीम्, counting the months by the arrangements of flowers

  • ū-stem feminine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    भुवि

    भू

    on the ground — Mallinātha glosses भूतले, on the floor of the house, so the flowers are being laid on the floor and not out of doors. **The stem is the one that has failed the generator twice already.** `skt-data` declines भू as an ordinary वधू-type ū-stem, which puts व् before a vowel ending, and gives भ्वाम् for the locative singular where a monosyllable takes the plain ending and gives भुवि. Third appearance, third wrong cell: the genitive singular at 1.18, the nominative plural at 2.1, the locative singular here. भू is a monosyllable: it takes उव् before a vowel ending and the plain endings elsewhere

  • ā-stem feminine, तृतीया एकवचन instrumental singular

    गणनया

    गणना

    by counting — and Mallinātha says what the counting sounds like: एको द्वाविति सङ्ख्यानेन, one, two, and so on. **He puts the numbers in her mouth.** The stanza gives an abstract noun and he turns it into a voice, which is the same thing he did at 2.25 by writing the wife's question out as speech

  • a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः

    पुष्प

    with the flowers — the instrument of the counting, and the counters themselves. Mallinātha's गणनया and this instrumental do the same work from two sides: she counts *by* counting and *with* flowers, and the flowers are the numerals

    The counting is done with real objects and Mallinātha makes them real. देहली is not the doorway but the beam under it, द्वारस्याधारदारु, and he produces Amara for the word; दत्त is not 'given' but 'heaped', राशीकृतत्वेन निहितानि. So she takes flowers off the door-beam and lays them on the floor of the house, भुवि भूतले, one for each month still to run, and counts them out with a voice — गणनया एको द्वाविति सङ्ख्यानेन, 'by counting: one, two'. The instrumental गणनया and the instrumental देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः do the same work from two sides: she counts by counting and with flowers, and the flowers are the numerals. The poem's largest quantity, the year of the curse, is being handled as a small pile of blossoms on a floor.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.27: dehalyāṃ dvārasyādhāradāruṇi … rāśīkṛtatvena nihitāni yāni puṣpāṇi tair gaṇanayā eko dvāv ityādisaṅkhyānena
  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    संभोगम्

    printed संभोगं

    संभोग

    union — **and this is the one word of the stanza the two witnesses read differently, with the corpus already holding both.** `text.md` prints संभोगं and brackets मत्सङ्गं under the verse; DCS reads the printed one; Mallinātha reads the bracketed one — तं मत्सङ्गं. **And then he glosses it with the other**: मत्सम्भोगरतिम्, the pleasure of union with me. So each reading is the other's gloss, and no sense at all is at stake. The two scan alike. This is the first place in the run where `verse(id).variants` already carries the reading the commentary uses; at 2.15 and 2.26 the field was empty and the variant lived only in the commentary

  • अव्यय

    वा

    वा

    or — the last of the series, and the one that closes the kulaka's list. After it the stanza stops guessing and generalises

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    हृदयनिहितारम्भम्

    printed हृदयनिहितारम्भमास्वादयन्ती

    आरम्भ

    the beginning — Mallinātha glosses उपक्रम, the first move, and reads the compound two ways: either the beginning is in her heart, so nothing has begun outside it, or the first acts — कissing and the rest — are what is in her heart. **The word आरम्भ is where the two readings part**, on whether it is singular and abstract or plural and particular; his second vigraha makes it plural, आरम्भा … व्यापाराः

    The third guess is the one that has left the world. At 2.25 she was drawing him and at 2.26 singing a song about him; here she is tasting a union that has not happened — आस्वादयन्ती, a taste-word, of संभोगम्, union, with हृदयनिहितारम्भम् in front of it. Mallinātha reads the compound two ways and the difference is how much of it is imaginary: either the beginning of the union is only in her heart, हृदये निहित आरम्भो यस्य तम्, so nothing has begun outside it; or the first acts of it — कissing and the rest, चुम्बनादयो व्यापाराः — are what is laid in her heart. His second reading makes आरम्भ plural and particular; the first keeps it single and abstract. Either way what she enjoys is inward, and the union she tastes is one the poem has told us cannot occur until the curse runs out.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.27: hṛdaye nihita ārambha upakramo yasya tam | athavā … ārambhāś cumbanādayo vyāpārā yasmiṃs tam
  • √स्वद् + णिच् + शतृ, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    आस्वादयन्ती

    printed हृदयनिहितारम्भमास्वादयन्ती

    आस्वादयत्, from √स्वद् in णिच् with आ and शतृ, feminine in ङीप्

    tasting — the second शतृ participle of this stanza and the sixth in four verses that the drafting script wrote up as क्त. **The word is a taste-word used of a thing that is not there**, which is what makes the third guess the most extreme of the four: at 2.25 she was drawing him, at 2.26 singing about him, and here she is enjoying a union that has not happened. Mallinātha's second reading of the compound in front of it is what allows that — the union is being tasted and only its opening moves are inward

  • अव्यय

    प्रायेण

    प्रायेण

    for the most part — Mallinātha glosses बाहुल्येन, by way of being the general case. **The word is what makes the fourth pāda a rule rather than a claim**, and a rule is what an अर्थान्तरन्यास needs: a general sentence has to be general or it cannot prop up the particular one. It also concedes that not every woman does these things, which is why the guessing in front of it can stay guessing

  • pronoun, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    एते

    printed प्रायेणैते

    एतद्

    these — and Mallinātha says how far back the word reaches: एते पूर्वोक्ताः, these aforesaid ones. **It is the pronoun that binds the three stanzas into one**, since what it points at is not in this stanza at all but spread across 2.25, 2.26 and the first three pādas of this. A demonstrative doing the work of a summary

  • a-stem masculine, सप्तमी बहुवचन locative plural

    रमणविरहेषु

    printed रमणविरहेष्वङ्गनानां

    विरह

    in their lovers' absences — the locative of circumstance, and plural because the sentence is about the class and not about her. विरह is the poem's own word for its subject and this is the stanza that puts it in the plural for the first time

  • ā-stem feminine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural

    अङ्गनानाम्

    printed रमणविरहेष्वङ्गनानां

    अङ्गना

    of women — the general class she is being read into. **The word has stood three times before in the poem, and one of those is the twin of this line.** At 1.10 the fourth pāda reads आशाबन्धः कुसुमसदृशं प्रायशो ह्यङ्गनानां — the bond of hope in women is, for the most part, like a flower — and that stanza carries a figure layer naming अर्थान्तरन्यास, as this one does. Same figure, same genitive plural अङ्गनानाम्, same generalising particle in the same position: प्रायशः there, प्रायेण here. **Kālidāsa props up a guess about this one woman by a rule about women twice**, once near the start of the errand and once at its farthest point, and both times in the fourth pāda. The other two occurrences, at 1.14 and 1.27, are crowds seen from the air and generalise nothing

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    विनोदाः

    विनोद

    diversions — and Mallinātha's gloss is bleaker than the word: कालयापनोपायाः, means of getting the time to pass. **Not amusements but ways of using up a term**, which is the same term the first pāda was counting the months of. The stanza's last word answers its first

    The stanza has no verb of its own and it closes a group of three. Mallinātha says so twice over: the syntax is “आलोके ते निपतति” इति पूर्वेण सम्बन्धः — the construction is with 2.25's 'she will presently come into your sight' — and the form has a name, त्रिभिः कुलकम्, the three stanzas make a kulaka, one long sentence. So 2.25, 2.26 and 2.27 are joined by grammar and not only by subject, and this is the fourth place in four verses the point has been made. What the corpus can carry is the reading, not the fact: nothing in a single verse's analysis can say these three are one sentence, and the lesson roots 2.27 at the predicate of the only clause it holds whole — विनोदाः, which Mallinātha glosses not 'amusements' but कालयापनोपायाः, means of using up the term. The stanza's last word answers its first: the months counted in the opening pāda are the term these diversions are ways of spending.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.27: “āloke te nipatati” iti pūrveṇa sambandhaḥ | ete pūrvoktā vinodāḥ kālayāpanopāyāḥ | tribhiḥ kulakam

सा [supplied] · विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य · अवधेः · शेषान् · मासान् · देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः · गणनया · भुवि · विन्यस्यन्ती · वा · हृदयनिहितारम्भम् · संभोगम् · आस्वादयन्ती · वा · प्रायेण · अङ्गनानाम् · रमणविरहेषु · एते · विनोदाः

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary runs as anvaya. **The stanza has no subject and no finite verb for its first three pādas**, so सा has to be carried down from 2.25 as it was at 2.26, and he says so again at the same place: “आलोके ते निपतति” इति पूर्वेण सम्बन्धः. What he moves is the first pāda, which the verse prints back to front: शेषान् मासान् stands before the term they are the remainder of, and he puts अवधेः in front of them. He also brings देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः up before गणनया, so the flowers arrive before the counting they are for. **The fourth pāda he leaves alone**, because it is already a complete sentence — the only one in the three stanzas that does not need 2.25's verb“athavā virahasya divasas tasmāt sthāpitasya … avadher antasya śeṣān gatāvaśiṣṭān māsān dehalīdattapuṣpaiḥ … gaṇanayā … bhuvi bhūtale vinyasyantī vā … āsvādayantīṃ vā | “āloke te nipatati” iti pūrveṇa sambandhaḥ | … prāyeṇa bāhulyenāṅganānāṃ ramaṇaviraheṣv ete pūrvoktā vinodāḥ”

the dependency structure

विनोदाः · विधेय — [these] are the diversions; the predicate nominative of the stanza's one complete sentence. The verse has no finite verb: the first three pādas describe सा, carried down from 2.25's निपतति, with two guesses about what she may be doing, and only the fourth pāda is a sentence that stands on its own — प्रायेणैते ... विनोदाः, 'these, for the most part, are diversions'. The copula is unexpressed and विनोदाः is what predicates. Mallinātha closes the three stanzas by naming them a form — त्रिभिः कुलकम्, the three make a kulaka, one sentence — and by saying again where their syntax lies, “आलोके ते निपतति” इति पूर्वेण सम्बन्धः

प्रायेण · अवधारण — for the most part, बाहुल्येन; the word that keeps the general truth short of a rule, and so what an अर्थान्तरन्यास needs — a general sentence general enough to prop up the particular one without overstating it

एते · उद्देश्य — these, एते पूर्वोक्ताः; the subject, a demonstrative that points not at anything in this pāda but back across 2.25, 2.26 and the first three pādas of this to the activities already guessed at

सा · the woman these guesses are about — carried down from 2.25 as she was at 2.26, since the first three pādas have no subject of their own; what एते gathers up is the run of things she may be doing

विन्यस्यन्ती · the first guess — laying them out, a present active participle in शतृ describing सा

वा · विकल्प — or; the fifth of the alternatives begun at 2.25, and the second-to-last

मासान् · कर्म — the months she lays out, one for each still to run

शेषान् · agreeing with मासान् — the remaining, गतावशिष्टान्; the adjective does the arithmetic, the term less what has run

अवधेः · षष्ठी — of the term, अन्तस्य; the genitive hangs on शेषान् मासान्, the months left of it, and it is the word the whole poem is a countdown against

विरहदिवसस्थापितस्य · agreeing with अवधेः — fixed from the day they were parted; who fixed it the stanza does not say, and the poem has known since 1.1 that the curse did

गणनया · करण — by counting, एको द्वाविति सङ्ख्यानेन; Mallinātha puts the numbers in her mouth, one, two

देहलीदत्तपुष्पैः · करण — with the flowers heaped on the threshold; the counters themselves, so she counts by counting and with flowers both

भुवि · अधिकरण — on the ground, भूतले; the floor of the house, not out of doors

आस्वादयन्ती · the third guess — tasting, a present active participle in शतृ; a taste-word used of a thing that is not there, which makes it the most extreme of the guesses

वा · विकल्प — or; the last of the alternatives, and the one that closes the kulaka's list

संभोगम् · कर्म — a union with me, मत्सम्भोगरतिम्; the object she tastes, though nothing of it has happened outside her heart

हृदयनिहितारम्भम् · agreeing with संभोगम् — begun only in the heart, हृदये निहित आरम्भो यस्य तम्; the compound is where the two readings part, on whether the beginning is one thing kept inward or the first acts themselves

अङ्गनानाम् · षष्ठी — of women; the general class she is being read into, whose diversions these are said to be

रमणविरहेषु · अधिकरण — in their lovers' absences; the locative of circumstance, plural because the sentence is about the class and not about her

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading, who names the three stanzas a kulaka (त्रिभिः कुलकम्) and carries their syntax back to 2.25 (“आलोके ते निपतति” इति पूर्वेण सम्बन्धः), reads देहली as the door-beam out of Amara and दत्त as heaped, puts the count into a voice (एको द्वाविति), reads the union as tasted only in the heart, glosses विनोदाः as कालयापनोपायाः, and answers his own objection by naming अर्थान्तरन्यास; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam. The stanza has no finite verb; its one whole clause is the fourth pāda, so the tree roots at the predicate noun विनोदाः and the role says so.

Or laying out on the floor, with the flowers heaped on the threshold, the months still left of the term that was fixed from the day they were parted — counting them, one, two — or tasting a union with me that has got no further than her heart. These, for the most part, are the diversions of women whose lovers are away. **This is the third and last of the kulaka, and he says so in two words.** त्रिभिः कुलकम् — the three make a kulaka, a group of stanzas that are one sentence. So the unit announced at the end of 2.24, whose syntax he stated at 2.26 and states again here — “आलोके ते निपतति” इति पूर्वेण सम्बन्धः — is closed at 2.27 by being given its name as a form. **Four statements about the same three stanzas, in four places, and they agree.** For the corpus that is a fact with nowhere to live: nothing in the analysis can say *these three verses are one sentence*, and this is the second time the point has come up in two verses. **And the fourth pāda is where the poem admits it is guessing.** Mallinātha stages the objection himself — ननु कथमयं निश्चय इति, but how can he be sure? — and answers it by naming a figure: अर्थान्तरन्यासेन परिहरति, he removes it by arthāntaranyāsa. The particular case is three stanzas of supposal; the general truth is one line about what women in separation do; and प्रायेण, which he glosses बाहुल्येन, keeps even the general truth from being a rule. **So the whole passage is licensed by an admission**: he does not know, and this is what people do. It is the third arthāntaranyāsa in the poem after 1.3 and 1.10, and the first where he sets up a doubt in order to have the figure remove it. **The counting is done with real objects and he makes them real.** देहली is not a doorway but the beam under it, द्वारस्याधारदारु, with Amara produced for the word. दत्त is not *given* but *heaped*, राशीकृतत्वेन निहितानि. And the counting has a sound: एको द्वाविति, one, two. She takes flowers off the door-beam and puts them down on the floor of the house, one for each month still to run. **The poem's largest quantity — the year of the curse — is being handled as a small pile of flowers.** **The third guess is the one that has left the world entirely.** At 2.25 she was drawing him; at 2.26 singing a song about him; here she is enjoying a union that has not occurred. Mallinātha reads हृदयनिहितारम्भम् two ways and the difference is how much of it is imaginary — either the beginning of it is only in her mind, or the first acts of it, the kissing and the rest, are. He prefers neither. **And he names the state**: एतेन सङ्कल्पावस्थोक्ता, by this the condition called saṅkalpa is stated, with a line quoted for it — सङ्कल्पो नाथविषये मनोरथ उदाहृतः, saṅkalpa is longing turned on the beloved. That is one of the ten states of love in separation, and मूर्च्छा at 2.26 was another from the same list. **Two stanzas running are labelled with items from one manual**, which is the same habit as the Sāmudrika at 2.22 and the śāstra on the soiled dress at 2.26: the woman in the poem keeps turning out to be doing what a handbook describes. **And the last word answers the first.** शेषान् opens the stanza with what is left of the term; विनोदाः closes it, and he glosses it कालयापनोपायाः — means of making the time pass. Not amusements. The flowers, the drawing, the song and the imagined embrace are all ways of using up the very months the first pāda is counting.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī's gloss. His are: अवधि as अन्त, the term fixed from the day of parting, देहली as the door-beam with Amara behind it, दत्त as heaped, the one-two of the counting, the two readings of हृदयनिहितारम्भम्, मत्सङ्गम् for संभोगम् with मत्सम्भोगरतिम् for its gloss, the statement that the syntax runs back into 2.25, the objection and the naming of अर्थान्तरन्यास, बाहुल्येन for प्रायेण, the naming of सङ्कल्प with its quoted line, कालयापनोपायाः for विनोदाः, and त्रिभिः कुलकम्. That the three guesses grow steadily further from the world, that सङ्कल्प and मूर्च्छा come from the same list of ten, and that the stanza's last word answers its first, are the reader's“etena saṅkalpāvasthoktā | tad uktam — “saṅkalpo nāthaviṣaye manoratha udāhṛtaḥ” iti || tribhiḥ kulakam”

The fourth pāda is where the poem admits it is guessing. Mallinātha stages the objection himself — ननु कथमयं निश्चय इति, 'but how can he be sure?' — and answers it by naming a figure: अर्थान्तरन्यासेन परिहरति, he removes it by arthāntaranyāsa, a general truth set beside the particular case it explains. The particular case is three stanzas of supposal, everything the yakṣa has imagined her doing since 2.25; the general truth is the one line प्रायेणैते ... विनोदाः, these are, for the most part, the diversions of women whose lovers are away; and प्रायेण, which he glosses बाहुल्येन, keeps even the general truth from being a law. So the whole passage is licensed by an admission — he does not know, and this is what women in her position do. It is the third अर्थान्तरन्यास in the poem, after 1.3 and 1.10, and the first where he sets up a doubt in order to have the figure remove it. 1.10 is its twin: its fourth pāda is आशाबन्धः कुसुमसदृशं प्रायशो ह्यङ्गनानां, with the same genitive plural अङ्गनानाम् and the same generalising particle in the same place.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.27: nanu katham ayaṃ niścaya ity āśaṅkām arthāntaranyāsena pariharati | prāyeṇa bāhulyena

Or laying out on the floor, with the flowers heaped on the threshold, the months still left of the term that was fixed from the day they were parted — counting them, one, two — or tasting a union with me that has got no further than her heart. These, for the most part, are the diversions of women whose lovers are away. The stanza is a chain of guesses that ends by owning itself as guesswork, and the counting is its cruelest image: the year of the curse, the poem's whole weight of time, reduced to a heap of flowers a woman moves one by one across a floor to watch the pile go down.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.27, whole-verse gloss

अर्थान्तरन्यास — a general truth set down beside the particular case it explains — the poem states something, then props it up with something else that accounts for it

Mallinātha names it as the answer to an objection he raises himself: ननु कथमयं निश्चय इत्याशङ्कामर्थान्तरन्यासेन परिहरति — "to the doubt 'but how is he so sure?' he replies by means of arthāntaranyāsa". The particular case is three stanzas long — everything the yakṣa has guessed she might be doing since 2.25 — and the general truth is the fourth pāda: these are, for the most part, the diversions of women in their lovers' absences. **The figure is what licenses the guessing.** He cannot know what she is doing, and does not claim to; what he claims is that this is what women in her position do, and प्रायेण keeps even that short of a rule. It is the third अर्थान्तरन्यास in the poem, after 1.3, where Mallinātha quotes Daṇḍin's definition, and 1.10, where he names it in one word — and the first where he stages an objection in order to answer it with a figure. **1.10 is more than a precedent, it is a twin**: its fourth pāda is आशाबन्धः कुसुमसदृशं प्रायशो ह्यङ्गनानां, with the same genitive plural अङ्गनानाम् and the same generalising particle, प्रायशः against this stanza's प्रायेण. Both times a guess about one woman is propped up by a rule about women, and both times the rule is the fourth pāda.

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who names the figure and the objection it answers; the definition is the one recorded at 1.3 from his quotation of Daṇḍin“nanu katham ayaṃ niścaya ity āśaṅkām arthāntaranyāsena pariharati”