मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.2

रामगिरि · the first cloud

तस्मिन्नद्रौ कतिचिदबलाविप्रयुक्तः स कामी

त
स्मि
न्न
द्रौ
क
ति
चि
द
ब
ला
वि
प्र
यु
क्तः
स
का
मी

नीत्वा मासान् कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः

नी
त्वा
मा
सा
न्क
न
क
व
ल
य
भ्रं
श
रि
क्त
प्र
को
ष्ठः

आषाढस्य प्रथमदिवसे मेघमाश्लिष्टसानुं

आ
षा
ढ
स्य
प्र
थ
म
दि
व
से
मे
घ
मा
श्लि
ष्ट
सा
नुं

वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयं ददर्श

व
प्र
क्री
डा
प
रि
ण
त
ग
ज
प्रे
क्ष
णी
यं
द
द
र्श

alternate reading प्रशम — for a word within pāda c, at syllables 5, 6, 7, 8. Shown, not analysed.

pāda a

  • तguruthe conjunct स्म that follows it
  • स्मिguruthe conjunct न्न that follows it
  • न्नguruthe conjunct द्र that follows it
  • द्रौguruits long vowel औ
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • चिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • बlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लाguruits long vowel आ
  • विguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • युguruthe conjunct क्त that follows it
  • क्तःguruthe visarga it carries
  • सlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • मीguruits long vowel ई
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — तस्मिन्नद्रौ
  • yati after 10 — a compound member ends here, inside अबलाविप्रयुक्तः

pāda b

  • नीguruits long vowel ई
  • त्वाguruits long vowel आ
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • न्कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यguruthe conjunct भ्र that follows it
  • भ्रंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • शlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रिguruthe conjunct क्त that follows it
  • क्तguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कोguruits long vowel ओ
  • ष्ठःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — मासान्
  • yati after 10 — a compound member ends here, inside कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः

pāda c

  • आguruits long vowel आ
  • षाguruits long vowel आ
  • ढguruthe conjunct स्य that follows it
  • स्यguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • थlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सेguruits long vowel ए
  • मेguruits long vowel ए
  • घlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • श्लिguruthe conjunct ष्ट that follows it
  • ष्टlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • नुंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — आषाढस्य
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — प्रथमदिवसे

pāda d

  • वguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रguruthe conjunct क्र that follows it
  • क्रीguruits long vowel ई
  • डाguruits long vowel आ
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • गlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रेguruits long vowel ए
  • क्षlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णीguruits long vowel ई
  • यंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • दlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दguruthe conjunct र्श that follows it
  • र्शlaghuits short vowel — light on its own, though the pāda ends here
  • yati after 4 — a compound member ends here, inside वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्
  • yati after 10 — a compound member ends here, inside वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्
  • तस्मिन् + अद्रौ → तस्मिन्नद्रौ

    न् + अ

  • कतिचित् + अबलाविप्रयुक्तः → कतिचिदबलाविप्रयुक्तः

    त् + अ

  • सः + कामी → स

    ः + क्

  • मेघम् + आश्लिष्टसानुम् → मेघमाश्लिष्टसानुं

    म् + आ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम् + ददर्श → वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयं

    म् + द्

  • अबला + विप्रयुक्त → अबलाविप्रयुक्तः

    आ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • कनक + वलय → कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः

    अ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • वलय + भ्रंश → कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः

    अ + भ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • भ्रंश + रिक्त → कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः

    अ + र्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • रिक्त + प्रकोष्ठ → कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • प्रथम + दिवस → प्रथमदिवसे

    अ + द्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • आश्लिष्ट + सानु → आश्लिष्टसानुम्

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • वप्र + क्रीडा → वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्

    अ + क्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • क्रीडा + परिणत → वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्

    आ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • परिणत + गज → वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्

    अ + ग्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • गज + प्रेक्षणीय → वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

Most of the joining here happens inside the compounds — कनक + वलय, वप्र + क्रीडा. The join to notice between words is तस्मिन् + अद्रौ, printed तस्मिन्नद्रौ: a final न् after a short vowel doubles before a following vowel, so one न् becomes two.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt
  • तस्मिन् सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • अद्रौ सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • सः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with अबलाविप्रयुक्तः, कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः

  • कामी प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • मासान् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • आषाढस्य षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • प्रथमदिवसे सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • मेघम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with आश्लिष्टसानुम्, वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

  • हलन्त्यम् 1.3.3← नीत्वा; वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्; ददर्श
  • तस्य लोपः 1.3.9← अबलाविप्रयुक्तः; नीत्वा; मासान्; कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः; प्रथमदिवसे; वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्; ददर्श
  • सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् 1.4.14← अबलाविप्रयुक्तः; वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्; ददर्श

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 33 · धातोः

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्

not in the abridgement

  • अ अ 8.4.68← अबलाविप्रयुक्तः; वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्; ददर्श

अबलाविप्रयुक्तः

अबला · विप्रयुक्त

  1. अबलया विप्रयुक्तः

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — parted from his wife

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with सः. parted from the woman

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“abalāviprayuktaḥ kāntāvirahī”

कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः

कनक · वलय · भ्रंश · रिक्त · प्रकोष्ठ

  1. कनकस्य वलयः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — a bracelet of gold

  2. वलयस्य भ्रंशः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the slipping of that bracelet

  3. भ्रंशेन रिक्तः

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — left bare by that slipping

  4. रिक्तः प्रकोष्ठः यस्य सः

    बहुव्रीहि — [the man] whose forearm was left bare

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to सः. his forearm bare where the gold bracelet had slipped off it — he had grown too thin to hold it

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“tasya bhraṃśena pātena riktaḥ śūnyaḥ prakoṣṭhaḥ … yasya sa tathoktaḥ”

प्रथमदिवसे

प्रथम · दिवस

  1. प्रथमः दिवसः

    कर्मधारय — the first day

कर्मधारय. on the first day

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī

आश्लिष्टसानुम्

आश्लिष्ट · सानु

  1. आश्लिष्टं सानु येन तम्

    बहुव्रीहि — [the cloud] by which the peak was embraced

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to मेघम्. holding the mountain’s ridge in its arms

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“āśliṣṭasānumākrāntakūṭam”

वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्

वप्र · क्रीडा · परिणत · गज · प्रेक्षणीय

  1. वप्रे क्रीडा

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — play at an earth-bank — butting it

  2. वप्रक्रीडायां परिणतः

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — bent low in that play, striking sideways with the tusks

  3. परिणतः गजः

    कर्मधारय — an elephant so bent

  4. गजः इव प्रेक्षणीयः

    कर्मधारय, with a middle word dropped — worth watching as that elephant is — with the "as" dropped inside the compound

कर्मधारय — it agrees with मेघम्. as worth watching as an elephant lowering its head to butt at a bank

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“vaprakrīḍā utkhātakelayaḥ … gajaprekṣaṇīyamityatrevalopāluptopamā”

  • pronoun, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    तस्मिन्

    printed तस्मिन्नद्रौ

    तद्

    on that — the mountain of the verse before

  • i-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    अद्रौ

    printed तस्मिन्नद्रौ

    अद्रि

    on the mountain, which Mallinātha names as Citrakūṭa

  • कति with the particle चित्

    कतिचित्

    printed कतिचिदबलाविप्रयुक्तः

    कतिचित्

    some — of the months, and Mallinātha counts them eight, since the poem later gives him four more

  • √युज् + क्त, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    अबलाविप्रयुक्तः

    printed कतिचिदबलाविप्रयुक्तः

    विप्रयुक्त, from वि + प्र + √युज्

    parted — from his wife, the compound says

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    सः

    printed स

    तद्

    he

  • in-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    कामी

    कामिन्

    in love, and so wanting — an in-stem, "having desire"

  • √नी + क्त्वा

    नीत्वा

    नीत्वा, from √नी

    having passed [them] — Mallinātha glosses it "having made [them] go by"

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural

    मासान्

    मास

    months — the accusative of time passed through

    √नी takes its accusative for the time it leads across: कतिचित् मासान् नीत्वा, having led some months by. The accusative is the plain object of नीत्वा, the stretch spent. Mallinātha counts the months eight, since the poem gives the yakṣa four more before his year of exile is out.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.2: katicinmāsān | aṣṭau māsānityarthaḥ; nītvā yāpayitvā
  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः

    प्रकोष्ठ

    forearm — the part below the elbow, and here the whole compound describes him

    A four-relation bahuvrīhi that measures his grief by his wrist. कनकस्य वलयः, a gold bracelet; वलयस्य भ्रंशः, its slipping; भ्रंशेन रिक्तः, bare from that slipping; and the whole रिक्तः प्रकोष्ठः यस्य सः, the man whose forearm was left bare — he had wasted so thin the bracelet would no longer stay on. It describes सः.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.2: tasya bhraṃśena pātena riktaḥ śūnyaḥ prakoṣṭhaḥ … yasya sa tathoktaḥ
  • a-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    आषाढस्य

    आषाढ

    of Āṣāḍha — the month the rains begin in, June into July

  • a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    प्रथमदिवसे

    दिवस

    on the day

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    मेघम्

    printed मेघमाश्लिष्टसानुं

    मेघ

    a cloud

  • u-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    आश्लिष्टसानुम्

    printed मेघमाश्लिष्टसानुं

    सानु

    peak, ridge — the compound makes it the cloud that has the peak in its arms

    A bahuvrīhi describing the cloud: आश्लिष्टं सानु येन तम्, the one by which the mountain’s ridge was embraced. The cloud arrives with its arms already round the peak.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.2: āśliṣṭasānumākrāntakūṭam
  • √प्रेक्ष् + अनीय, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम्

    printed वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयं

    प्रेक्षणीय, from प्र + √ईक्ष्

    to be looked at, worth looking at — agreeing with मेघम्

    Four steps, the simile buried in the last. वप्रे क्रीडा, play at an earth-bank — butting it; वप्रक्रीडायां परिणतः, bent low in that play; परिणतः गजः, an elephant so bent; and finally गजः इव प्रेक्षणीयः, as worth watching as that elephant — with the इव, the “as”, dropped inside the compound. That dropped “as” is the figure लुप्तोपमा: the cloud is not said to be like an elephant, the two are simply set side by side. The whole agrees with मेघम्.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.2: … gajaprekṣaṇīyamityatrevalopāluptopamā
  • √दृश्, class 1, लिट्, parasmaipada, third person singular

    ददर्श

    √दृश्

    he saw — the perfect, the tense this poem tells its story in

    One finite verb: ददर्श, “he saw”, the perfect (liṭ) of √दृश्. Unlike चक्रे of the verse before, it is parasmaipada — the active endings — because seeing is not an act whose fruit returns to the doer. Reduplication marks the perfect: दृश् doubles its first syllable to द-दर्श, and the root vowel takes guṇa in the strong singular.

    • Bālānandinī (LSK, Telugu) — तिङन्त लिट् प्रकरणम्; vendor/balanandini-lsk-telugu-ocr.txt

सः · कामी · तस्मिन् · अद्रौ · अबलाविप्रयुक्तः · कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः · कतिचित् · मासान् · नीत्वा · आषाढस्य · प्रथमदिवसे · आश्लिष्टसानुम् · वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम् · मेघम् · ददर्श

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”

the dependency structure

ददर्श · क्रिया — the verb the sentence turns on

सः · कर्ता — the agent

कामी · still in love

अबलाविप्रयुक्तः · parted from his wife

कनकवलयभ्रंशरिक्तप्रकोष्ठः · his forearm bare

अद्रौ · अधिकरण — where he stayed

तस्मिन् · that mountain

नीत्वा · having first passed

मासान् · कर्म — the months led by

कतिचित् · some

प्रथमदिवसे · अधिकरण — on which day

आषाढस्य · of Āṣāḍha

मेघम् · कर्म — the object seen

आश्लिष्टसानुम् · embracing the peak

वप्रक्रीडापरिणतगजप्रेक्षणीयम् · worth watching as an elephant

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī

The one verb ददर्श closes the stanza, and its object मेघम् closes it too, with two long adjectives before it; the subject सः and all that describes him stand in the first two pādas. Read the frame first — “he saw a cloud” — then hang the rest on सः and on मेघम्.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.2, anvaya order

On that mountain the yakṣa, still in love and parted from his wife, his forearm bare where the gold bracelet had slipped from it, passed some months — eight of them, Mallinātha reckons, since the poem later gives him four more. On the first day of Āṣāḍha he saw a cloud with the peak in its arms, as worth watching as an elephant lowering its head to butt at an earth-bank.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss

Mallinātha’s two touches: the yakṣa is still kāmī, in love, so parted from his wife he has wasted to a shadow; and the cloud does not merely appear but arrives leaning on the peak like a great tusker butting a bank — a thing seen before it is a thing described. The rains that gladden others are, for him, the season his year of exile can be measured against.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.2, whole-verse gloss

लुप्तोपमा — a simile with the word of comparison left out — the "like" is dropped and the two things are simply set side by side

The cloud is not said to be like an elephant. गजप्रेक्षणीयम् puts the elephant inside the compound and lets the comparison stand without its "as", which is what makes the cloud arrive as a thing seen rather than a thing described.

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“gajaprekṣaṇīyamityatrevalopāluptopamā”