मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.20
रेवा · the water taken up
तस्यास्तिक्तैर्वनगजमदैर्वासितं वान्तवृष्टिः
जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयं तोयमादाय गच्छेः
अन्तःसारं घन तुलयितुं नानिलः शक्ष्यति त्वां
रिक्तः सर्वो भवति हि लघुः पूर्णता गौरवाय
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
तस्याः + तिक्तैः → तस्यास्तिक्तैर्वनगजमदैर्वासितं
ः + त्
तिक्तैः + वनगजमदैः → तस्यास्तिक्तैर्वनगजमदैर्वासितं
ः + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
वनगजमदैः + वासितम् → तस्यास्तिक्तैर्वनगजमदैर्वासितं
ः + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयम् + तोयम् → जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयं
म् + त्
तोयम् + आदाय → तोयमादाय
म् + आ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अन्तःसारम् + घन → अन्तःसारं
म् + घ्
तुलयितुम् + न → तुलयितुं
म् + न्
न + अनिलः → नानिलः
अ + अ → आ
त्वाम् + रिक्तः → त्वां
म् + र्
सर्वः + भवति → सर्वो
ः + भ्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
वन + गज → वनगजमदैः
अ + ग्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
गज + मद → वनगजमदैः
अ + म्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
वान्त + वृष्टि → वान्तवृष्टिः
अ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
जम्बू + कुञ्ज → जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयम्
ऊ + क्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
कुञ्ज + प्रतिहत → जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयम्
अ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
प्रतिहत + रय → जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयम्
अ + र्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अन्तर् + सार → अन्तःसारम्
र् + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
नानिलः is न + अनिलः, two अ's meeting and merging into a single long आ (अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः). सर्वो भवति is सर्वः + भवति, the विसर्ग after अ becoming ओ before the voiced भ्. तस्यास्तिक्तैः is तस्याः + तिक्तैः, the विसर्ग turning to a sibilant स् before the त् (खरि); तिक्तैर्वनगज and वनगजमदैर्वासितं show the same विसर्ग going instead to र् before the voiced व्. अन्तःसारं, तुलयितुं and जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयं all carry a word-final म् gone to अनुस्वार before a consonant.
तस्याः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
तिक्तैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
वनगजमदैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
तोयम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with वासितम्, जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयम्
घन सम्बोधन · vocative — the one addressed
अनिलः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
त्वाम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with अन्तःसारम्
रिक्तः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
सर्वः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
लघुः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
पूर्णता प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
गौरवाय चतुर्थी · dative — तादर्थ्य — the dative of what a thing leads to, not of a person it is given to
गौरवाय is dative, and the default of the dative is संप्रदान, the one a thing is given to — “give the cow to the brahmin”. Here nothing is given to anyone. पूर्णता गौरवाय भवति says fullness “makes for”, “leads to”, weight: the dative of the end a thing serves, तादर्थ्य. Mallinātha glosses अप्रकम्प्यत्वाय, “towards not being shakeable”, keeping the dative in his gloss, so that fullness is what leaves a thing unmoved. The word गौरव carries both the physical weight and the being-taken-seriously, and the dative holds both.
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 6 · औङ आपः
प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 14 · जुहोत्यादिभ्यः श्लुः
प्रकरण 21 · सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच्
प्रकरण 22 · स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता
प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ
प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्
प्रकरण 48 · शेषे
प्रकरण 60 · स्त्रियाम्
not in the abridgement
वनगजमदैः
वन · गज · मद
वनस्य गजाः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the elephants of the forest
वनगजानां मदाः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — and the rut-fluid that runs from them
तत्पुरुष. the ichor of wild elephants — Mallinātha explains why elephants belong in this river: the Vindhya is one of the three ranges elephants come from
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“himavadvindhyamalayā gajānāṃ prabhavā iti vindhyasya gajaprabhavatvāditi bhāvaḥ”
वान्तवृष्टिः
वान्त · वृष्टि
वान्ता वृष्टिः यस्य सः
बहुव्रीहि — the one whose rain has been spat out
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to मेघः. you, having thrown up your rain — Mallinātha glosses उद्गीर्णवर्षः and then says what else is being said: कृतवमनश् च व्यज्यते, a man who has taken a purge. The whole verse is a physician's prescription underneath
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“vāntavṛṣṭirudgīrṇavarṣaḥ san | kṛtavamanaśca vyajyate”
जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयम्
जम्बू · कुञ्ज · प्रतिहत · रय
जम्ब्वाः कुञ्जाः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — thickets of rose-apple
जम्बूकुञ्जैः प्रतिहतः
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — checked by them
प्रतिहतः रयः यस्य तत्
बहुव्रीहि — the water whose rush they have checked
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to तोयम्. water the rose-apple thickets have slowed — Mallinātha glosses प्रतिबद्धवेगम् and gives the point: सुखपेयम्, easy to drink. The compound is also saying it is light and astringent
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“jambūkuñjaiḥ pratihatarayaṃ pratibaddhavegam | sukhapeyamityarthaḥ | anena laghutvaṃ kaṣāyabhāvanā ca vyajyate”
अन्तःसारम्
अन्तर् · सार
अन्तः सारः यस्य तम्
बहुव्रीहि — the one whose strength is inside him
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to त्वाम्. you, with your strength inside you — Mallinātha glosses सार as बल, and the whole verse turns on it: what is full cannot be shifted
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“antaḥ sāro balaṃ yasya taṃ tvām”
pronoun, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
तस्याः
printed तस्यास्तिक्तैर्वनगजमदैर्वासितं
तद्
of her — Mallinātha supplies the name from the verse before: तस्या रेवायाः
a-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
तिक्तैः
printed तस्यास्तिक्तैर्वनगजमदैर्वासितं
तिक्त
pungent — Viśva gives the word both a taste and a smell, and Mallinātha takes both: सुगन्धिभिः तिक्तरसवद्भिश् च
a-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
वनगजमदैः
printed तस्यास्तिक्तैर्वनगजमदैर्वासितं
मद
by the ichor — the instrumental of what does the scenting, since वासित is a past participle used passively
√वास् + णिच् + क्त, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
वासितम्
printed तस्यास्तिक्तैर्वनगजमदैर्वासितं
वासित, from √वास् with णिच्
made fragrant — Mallinātha glosses सुरभितम् and then भावितम्, steeped: the smell is in the water rather than on it
i-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
वान्तवृष्टिः
वृष्टि
rain — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means you, who have let it go. The word is feminine as a noun and masculine here, taking the gender of the cloud it describes
वान्तवृष्टिः, “you whose rain has been spat out”, has a second reading running under it. Mallinātha glosses उद्गीर्णवर्षः, having let the rain go, and then adds कृतवमनश्च व्यज्यते — a man who has taken a purge is also being suggested. The whole verse is a physician's counsel underneath: empty yourself, then take up the light astringent water the rose-apple thickets have slowed (सुखपेयम्, easy to drink), and you will be able to travel. व्यज्यते is the word for what a verse conveys without saying — the दhvani, the suggestion the surface carries a second meaning below.
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयम्
printed जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयं
रय
rush, current — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the water, not the rush. रय is masculine as a noun and neuter here, taking the gender of the तोयम् it describes
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
तोयम्
printed तोयमादाय
तोय
water — what the cloud is being told to take on board
√दा + ल्यप्
आदाय
printed तोयमादाय
आदाय, from आ + √दा
having taken up — ल्यप्, the absolutive a prefix forces
√गम्, class 1, विधिलिङ्, parasmaipada, second person singular
गच्छेः
√गम्
you should go — the optative rather than the imperative, which is advice instead of an order. Mallinātha glosses it व्रज all the same
गच्छेः, “you should go”, is the optative (विधिलिङ्) and not the imperative. The yakṣa has been giving the cloud orders — व्रज, गच्छ — and here he softens to the mood that advises rather than commands: “you might go”, “you had best go”. Mallinātha glosses it with the plain imperative व्रज all the same, because the sense is the same errand; what the optative changes is the tone, from an instruction to a counsel. It is the mood व्यवस्येत् will take at 1.22, प्रार्थने लिङ्, the optative of asking.
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
अन्तःसारम्
printed अन्तःसारं
सार
strength, substance — Mallinātha glosses बलम्, and the compound puts it inside
a-stem masculine, सम्बोधन एकवचन vocative singular
घन
घन
O cloud — घन is "thick, dense", so the cloud is being addressed by its weight in a verse about weight
√तुल् + तुमुन्
तुलयितुम्
printed तुलयितुं
√तुल् of the tenth class
to lift, to weigh — the infinitive, and it governs त्वाम्: what the wind cannot do is pick you up
अव्यय
न
printed नानिलः
न
not
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
अनिलः
printed नानिलः
अनिल
the wind — Mallinātha glosses आकाशवायुः, the wind in the sky, and adds that the wind inside a body is meant too
√शक्, class 5, लृट्, parasmaipada, third person singular
शक्ष्यति
√शक्
will be able — Mallinātha glosses शक्तो न भविष्यति, will not be equal to it
pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
त्वाम्
printed त्वां
युष्मद्
you — the object of the lifting the wind cannot manage
√रिच् + क्त, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
रिक्तः
रिक्त, from √रिच्
emptied — Mallinātha glosses सारशून्यः, with nothing inside
sarvanāman masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
सर्वः
printed सर्वो
सर्व
everyone, anything — the word that turns the line from a remark about the cloud into a rule about the world. सर्व is one of the सर्वादि words of Pāṇini 1.1.27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि, so it declines as a pronoun
√भू, class 1, लट्, parasmaipada, third person singular
भवति
√भू
is — the present of a standing truth, as at 1.17
अव्यय
हि
हि
for — it marks what follows as the reason for what came before
u-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
लघुः
लघु
light — Mallinātha spells out what light means here: प्रकम्प्यः, able to be shaken
ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
पूर्णता
पूर्णता, from पूर्ण with the suffix तल्
fullness — Mallinātha glosses सारवत्ता, having something inside. It is an abstract noun in -tā
a-stem neuter, चतुर्थी एकवचन dative singular
गौरवाय
गौरव
makes for weight — and the word means both heaviness and being taken seriously, which is why the line is a maxim about people. Mallinātha glosses अप्रकम्प्यत्वाय, not able to be shaken
The verse ends on a maxim, and it is built on two abstract nouns. रिक्तः सर्वः लघुः भवति — anything emptied out is light; पूर्णता गौरवाय — but fullness makes for weight. पूर्णता is पूर्ण, “full”, with the suffix तल् (-tā), the ending that turns an adjective into the name of its quality, “fullness”, the way English adds -ness. गौरव does the same to गुरु, “heavy”, and carries both meanings at once: the physical weight the wind cannot lift, and the weight of being taken seriously. The remark about the cloud is a truth about people, which is the figure अर्थान्तरन्यास, a particular case propped on a general law.
वान्तवृष्टिः · तस्याः · तिक्तैः · वनगजमदैः · वासितम् · जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयम् · तोयम् · आदाय · गच्छेः · घन · अन्तःसारम् · त्वाम् · अनिलः · तुलयितुम् · न · शक्ष्यति · हि · रिक्तः · सर्वः · लघुः · भवति · पूर्णता · गौरवाय
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
गच्छेः · क्रिया — you should go; the optative (विधिलिङ्), which is advice rather than an order. Mallinātha glosses it व्रज all the same
घन · संबोधन — O cloud; addressed by its weight, घन meaning thick and dense, in a verse about weight
वान्तवृष्टिः · कर्ता — you, whose rain has been spat out, a bahuvrīhi for the cloud
आदाय · having taken up — the absolutive, ल्यप् because a prefix stands on it
तोयम् · कर्म — the water, what you are to take on board
तस्याः · षष्ठी — of her, the Revā of the verse before
वासितम् · made fragrant — a past participle agreeing with the water, the smell steeped in it
वनगजमदैः · करण — by the ichor of wild elephants, what does the scenting
तिक्तैः · pungent — agreeing with the ichor, both a taste and a smell
जम्बूकुञ्जप्रतिहतरयम् · its rush checked by the rose-apple thickets — a bahuvrīhi describing the water
शक्ष्यति · the second clause hung beneath: will [not] be able — Mallinātha's शक्तो न भविष्यति
अनिलः · कर्ता — the wind, in the sky and inside a body both
न · not — it negates the whole being-able
तुलयितुम् · to lift, to weigh — the infinitive, and it governs त्वाम्
त्वाम् · कर्म — you, the one the wind cannot pick up
अन्तःसारम् · with your strength inside you — a bahuvrīhi, and the whole verse turns on it
भवति · the maxim hung beneath: is, becomes — the present of a standing truth
हि · for — it marks the maxim as the reason for what came before
रिक्तः · कर्ता — anything emptied out, Mallinātha's सारशून्यः
सर्वः · all, anything — a सर्वादि word, so it declines as a pronoun
लघुः · light — the predicate, Mallinātha's प्रकम्प्यः, able to be shaken
पूर्णता · fullness — the second half of the maxim, an abstract noun in -tā
गौरवाय · संप्रदान — makes for weight, the dative of what fullness leads to
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
Having thrown up your rain, take up her water — scented with the pungent ichor of wild elephants, its rush broken by the rose-apple thickets — and go on. With your strength inside you, cloud, the wind will not be able to lift you: for anything emptied out is light, and it is being full that gives a thing its weight.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
Having thrown up your rain, take up her water — scented with the pungent ichor of wild elephants, its rush broken by the rose-apple thickets — and go on. With your strength inside you, cloud, the wind will not be able to lift you: for anything emptied out is light, and it is being full that gives a thing its weight.
No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.