printलघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी — practise the grammar

मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.26

वननदी · the flower-pickers given shade

विश्रान्तः सन् व्रज वननदीतीरजातानि सिञ्चन्

वि
श्रा
न्तः
स
न्व्र
ज
व
न
न
दी
ती
र
जा
ता
नि
सि
ञ्चन्

उद्यानानां नवजलकणैर्यूथिकाजालकानि

उ
द्या
ना
नां
न
व
ज
ल
क
णै
र्यू
थि
का
जा
ल
का
नि

गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानां

ग
ण्ड
स्वे
दा
प
न
य
न
रु
जा
क्ला
न्त
क
र्णो
त्प
ला
नां

छायादानात् क्षणपरिचितः पुष्पलावीमुखानाम्

छा
या
दा
ना
त्क्ष
ण
प
रि
चि
तः
पु
ष्प
ला
वी
मु
खा
नाम्

alternate reading तीरजानां निषिञ्चन् — for the end of pāda a, from syllable 11. Shown, not analysed.

pāda a

  • विguruthe conjunct श्र that follows it
  • श्राguruits long vowel आ
  • न्तःguruthe visarga it carries
  • सguruthe conjunct न्व्र that follows it
  • न्व्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दीguruits long vowel ई
  • तीguruits long vowel ई
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जाguruits long vowel आ
  • ताguruits long vowel आ
  • निlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सिguruthe conjunct ञ्च्न that follows it
  • ञ्चन्guruthe end of the pāda, which counts the last syllable heavy
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — सन्
  • yati after 10 — a compound member ends here, inside वननदीतीरजातानि

pāda b

  • उguruthe conjunct द्य that follows it
  • द्याguruits long vowel आ
  • नाguruits long vowel आ
  • नांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • र्यूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • थिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • जाguruits long vowel आ
  • लlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • निlaghuits short vowel — light on its own, though the pāda ends here
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — उद्यानानां
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound नवजलकणैः

pāda c

  • गguruthe conjunct ण्ड that follows it
  • ण्डguruthe conjunct स्व that follows it
  • स्वेguruits long vowel ए
  • दाguruits long vowel आ
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जाguruits long vowel आ
  • क्लाguruits long vowel आ
  • न्तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कguruthe conjunct र्ण that follows it
  • र्णोguruits long vowel ओ
  • त्पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लाguruits long vowel आ
  • नांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside the compound गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्
  • yati after 10 — a compound member ends here, inside गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

pāda d

  • छाguruits long vowel आ
  • याguruits long vowel आ
  • दाguruits long vowel आ
  • नाguruits long vowel आ
  • त्क्षlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • चिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तःguruthe visarga it carries
  • पुguruthe conjunct ष्प that follows it
  • ष्पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लाguruits long vowel आ
  • वीguruits long vowel ई
  • मुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • खाguruits long vowel आ
  • नाम्guruthe end of the pāda, which counts the last syllable heavy
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — छायादानात्
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — क्षणपरिचितः

  • उद्यानानाम् + नवजलकणैः → उद्यानानां

    म् + न्

  • नवजलकणैः + यूथिकाजालकानि → नवजलकणैर्यूथिकाजालकानि

    ः + य्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम् + छायादानात् → गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानां

    म् + छ्

  • वन + नदी → वननदीतीरजातानि

    अ + न्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • नदी + तीर → वननदीतीरजातानि

    ई + त्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • तीर + जात → वननदीतीरजातानि

    अ + ज्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • नव + जल → नवजलकणैः

    अ + ज्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • जल + कण → नवजलकणैः

    अ + क्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • यूथिका + जालक → यूथिकाजालकानि

    आ + ज्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • गण्ड + स्वेद → गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • स्वेद + अपनयन → गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

    अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable दा

  • अपनयन + रुजा → गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

    अ + र्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • रुजा + क्लान्त → गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

    आ + क्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • क्लान्त + कर्ण → गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

    अ + क्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • कर्ण + उत्पल → गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

    अ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable र्णो

  • छाया + दान → छायादानात्

    आ + द्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • क्षण + परिचित → क्षणपरिचितः

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • पुष्प + लावी → पुष्पलावीमुखानाम्

    अ + ल्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • लावी + मुख → पुष्पलावीमुखानाम्

    ई + म्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

उद्यानानां नवजलकणैः and गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानां छायादानात् both keep the word-final म् as अनुस्वार before a consonant. नवजलकणैर्यूथिकाजालकानि shows the visarga going to र्: the visarga of नवजलकणैः stands before the voiced य्. Inside the long third-line compound the vowels fuse — स्वेद + अपनयन gives स्वेदापनयन, अ and अ running to a single आ, and कर्ण + उत्पल gives कर्णोत्पल, अ and उ to ओ.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt

  • विश्रान्तः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • सन् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • सिञ्चन् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • उद्यानानाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • नवजलकणैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • यूथिकाजालकानि द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with वननदीतीरजातानि

  • छायादानात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure

  • क्षणपरिचितः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • पुष्पलावीमुखानाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

    with गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 13 · अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः

प्रकरण 17 · तुदादिभ्यः शः

प्रकरण 19 · तनादिभ्यस्तथासोः

प्रकरण 26 · सुप आत्मनः क्यच्

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

प्रकरण 59 · इवे प्रतिकृतौ

not in the abridgement

वननदीतीरजातानि

वन · नदी · तीर · जात

  1. वने नद्यः

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — the streams in the wood

  2. वननदीनां तीराणि

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — and their banks

  3. तीरेषु जातानि

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — the ones that came up there

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with यूथिकाजालकानि. grown on the banks of forest streams — Mallinātha glosses स्वयंरूढानि, come up of themselves, and then अकृत्रिमाणि: nobody planted them, which is the point against the garden in the next line

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“vane’raṇye yā nadyastāsāṃ tīreṣu jātāni svayaṃrūḍhāni | akṛtrimāṇītyarthaḥ”

नवजलकणैः

नव · जल · कण

  1. नवं जलम्

    कर्मधारय — water, and it is new

  2. नवजलस्य कणाः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — and drops of it

तत्पुरुष. with drops of the new water — the water taken up from the Revā at 1.20, and नव because the rains have only just begun

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“navajalakaṇaiḥ siñcannādrakurvan”

यूथिकाजालकानि

यूथिका · जालक

  1. यूथिकायाः जालकानि

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the buds of the jasmine

तत्पुरुष. jasmine buds — Mallinātha glosses मागधीकुसुममुकुलानि, and cites Halāyudha's line putting जालक among five words that all mean a bud

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“yūthikājālakāni māgadhīkusumamukulāni … “korakajālakakalikā kuḍmalamukulāni tulyāni” iti halāyudhaḥ”

गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

गण्ड · स्वेद · अपनयन · रुजा · क्लान्त · कर्ण · उत्पल

  1. गण्डयोः स्वेदः

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — the sweat on the cheeks

  2. स्वेदस्य अपनयनम्

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the wiping of it away

  3. अपनयनेन रुजा

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — and the hurt that wiping does

  4. कर्णयोः उत्पलानि

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — the lotuses at the ears

  5. रुजया क्लान्तानि कर्णोत्पलानि येषां तेषाम्

    बहुव्रीहि — the faces whose ear-lotuses it has wilted

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to पुष्पलावीमुखानाम्. faces whose ear-flowers have gone limp from wiping the sweat off the cheeks — the whole chain is one gesture, and Mallinātha follows it link by link, naming even the suffix that makes रुजा a noun

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“gaṇḍayoḥ kapolayoḥ svedasyāpanayanena pramārjanena yā rujā pīḍā … tayā klāntāni mlānāni karṇotpalāni yeṣāṃ teṣāṃ”

छायादानात्

छाया · दान

  1. छायायाः दानम्

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the giving of shade

तत्पुरुष. by giving shade — and Mallinātha hears a second gift in it. Amara gives छाया both shade and the glow of a face, so the cloud gives the flower-pickers their looks back at the same time as it gives them cover

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“chāyāyā anātapasya dānāt | kāntidānañca dhvanyate || “chāyā sūryapriyā kāntiḥ pratibimbamanātapaḥ” ityamaraḥ”

क्षणपरिचितः

क्षण · परिचित

  1. क्षणं परिचितः

    तत्पुरुष (accusative) — acquainted for a moment

तत्पुरुष. known to them for a moment — Mallinātha glosses क्षणं संसृष्टः सन् and then adds the words the compound leaves out: न तु चिरम्, and not for long

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kṣaṇaparicitaḥ kṣaṇaṃ saṃsṛṣṭaḥ san | na tu ciram”

पुष्पलावीमुखानाम्

पुष्प · लावी · मुख

  1. पुष्पाणि लुनन्ति इति पुष्पलाव्यः

    तत्पुरुष (accusative) — the women who cut flowers

  2. पुष्पलावीनां मुखानि

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — and their faces

तत्पुरुष. the faces of the flower-picking women — Mallinātha builds the word from the root: पुष्पाणि लुनन्ति, they cut flowers, then names the suffix that makes it a noun and the one that makes it feminine

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“puṣpāṇi lunantīti puṣpalāvyaḥ puṣpāvacāyikāḥ striyaḥ || “karmaṇyaṇ | ṭiḍḍhāṇañ-” ityādinā ṅīp”

  • √श्रम् + क्त, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    विश्रान्तः

    विश्रान्त, from वि + √श्रम्

    rested — Mallinātha spells out where and from what: विनीताध्वश्रमः, the road's tiredness taken off him, on the hill of the verse before

  • √अस् + शतृ, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    सन्

    सत्, from √अस्

    being — the present participle of "to be", which is how Sanskrit says "having rested, and in that state". Mallinātha uses it in his own gloss as well

    सन्, “being”, is the present participle of √अस्, “to be” — the root अस् with the participle-suffix शतृ, giving the stem सत्, which shows सन् in the nominative singular. It is how Sanskrit ties a state to the main verb: विश्रान्तः सन्, “being rested”, that is “having rested, and now in that state, go”. Mallinātha uses the same word in his own gloss, विश्रान्तः सन्. The corpus tags it a past participle from the printed form; here it is read as √अस् with शतृ, the ongoing “being”.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.26: viśrāntaḥ san tatra nīcairgirau vinītādhvaśramaḥ san

  • √व्रज्, class 1, लोट्, parasmaipada, second person singular

    व्रज

    √व्रज्

    go — the same imperative as at 1.16, and Mallinātha ends the verse with it: गच्छ

  • √जन् + क्त, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural

    वननदीतीरजातानि

    जात, from √जन्

    come up — and the compound says where: on the banks of forest streams

  • √सिच् + शतृ, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    सिञ्चन्

    सिञ्चत्, from √सिच्

    wetting — Mallinātha glosses आर्द्रीकुर्वन् and then makes a point of the case: because √सिच् here means "make wet", the water is the instrument and the buds are the object. Where it means "pour", the liquid is the object instead

    सिञ्चन्, “wetting”, carries a lesson on how the sense of a verb decides its cases. √सिच् can mean either “pour” or “make wet”, and the two readings assign the roles differently. Mallinātha spells it out: because here it means “make wet” (आर्द्रीकरण), the water is the instrument and the buds are the object — so नवजलकणैः, the drops, stand in the instrumental (करण), and यूथिकाजालकानि, the buds, in the accusative. Where √सिच् means “pour”, the liquid itself is what is poured, the object, and would take the accusative instead. Same root, opposite case-assignment, decided by which sense is meant.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.26: siñcannādrīkurvan | atra siñcaterādrīkaraṇārthatvāddravadravyasya karaṇatvam

  • a-stem neuter, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural

    उद्यानानाम्

    printed उद्यानानां

    उद्यान

    of the gardens — Mallinātha glosses आरामाणाम्. The buds are wild and the gardens are made, and the verse puts the two side by side

  • a-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    नवजलकणैः

    printed नवजलकणैर्यूथिकाजालकानि

    कण

    with the drops — the instrumental, because the wetting is done with them rather than to them

  • a-stem neuter, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural

    यूथिकाजालकानि

    printed नवजलकणैर्यूथिकाजालकानि

    जालक

    the buds — Halāyudha's line, which Mallinātha quotes, gives five words for a bud and calls them equal

  • a-stem neuter, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural

    गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम्

    printed गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानां

    उत्पल

    lotuses — worn at the ear, which is why wiping a cheek crushes them

  • a-stem neuter, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular

    छायादानात्

    दान

    from the giving — the ablative of what makes the acquaintance happen

    छायादानात्, “from the giving of shade”, gives the cloud two gifts in one word, and Mallinātha hears the second. Amara lists छाया with several senses — sunlight's opposite, a reflection, and the glow of a face — so besides the shade (अनातप) it plainly gives, the cloud is heard to give कान्ति, the pickers their looks back: worn and sweating in the first rains, they are freshened the moment the cloud shades them. The word छाया thus does the shade and the beauty at once, and Mallinātha marks it as suggested, ध्वन्यते.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.26: chāyāyā anātapasya dānāt | kāntidānañca dhvanyate || “chāyā sūryapriyā kāntiḥ pratibimbamanātapaḥ” ityamaraḥ

  • √चि + क्त, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    क्षणपरिचितः

    परिचित, from परि + √चि

    made acquainted — Mallinātha glosses संसृष्टः, brought into contact, and the compound says how long: a moment

  • a-stem neuter, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural

    पुष्पलावीमुखानाम्

    मुख

    the faces — and the compound says whose: the women out cutting flowers, who are the ones the shade is for

    पुष्पलावी, “a flower-picking woman”, is built up from a whole clause. पुष्पाणि लुनन्ति, “they cut flowers”, from √लू, “to cut”; the suffix अण् turns that into an agent noun, पुष्पलाव, “a flower-cutter”; and the feminine suffix ङीप् makes it पुष्पलावी, the woman who does it. Mallinātha builds the word this way and names both suffixes (कर्मण्यण्, then ङीप्). The compound पुष्पलावीमुखानाम् is then “of the faces of the flower-picking women”, the faces the cloud will be known to for the shade it gives.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.26: puṣpāṇi lunantīti puṣpalāvyaḥ … “karmaṇyaṇ | ṭiḍḍhāṇañ-” ityādinā ṅīp

विश्रान्तः · सन् · उद्यानानाम् · वननदीतीरजातानि · यूथिकाजालकानि · नवजलकणैः · सिञ्चन् · गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम् · पुष्पलावीमुखानाम् · छायादानात् · क्षणपरिचितः · व्रज

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”

the dependency structure

व्रज · क्रिया — go on; the same imperative as at 1.16, and Mallinātha ends the verse with it: गच्छ

विश्रान्तः · rested — a past participle agreeing with the cloud, the road's tiredness taken off on the hill of the verse before

सन् · being — the present participle of √अस्, how Sanskrit says “having rested, and in that state”

सिञ्चन् · wetting — a present participle, the going and the wetting at once; Mallinātha glosses आर्द्रीकुर्वन्

यूथिकाजालकानि · कर्म — the jasmine buds, what the cloud wets

वननदीतीरजातानि · grown on the banks of forest streams — agreeing with the buds, come up of themselves, स्वयंरूढानि

उद्यानानाम् · षष्ठी — of the gardens, आरामाणाम्; the wild buds now belong to the made gardens

नवजलकणैः · करण — with the drops of the new water, taken up from the Revā at 1.20

क्षणपरिचितः · known to them for a moment — a past participle agreeing with the cloud, क्षणं संसृष्टः सन्, न तु चिरम्, and not for long

छायादानात् · पञ्चमी — from the giving of shade, what makes the acquaintance

पुष्पलावीमुखानाम् · षष्ठी — to the faces of the women out cutting flowers, the ones the shade is for

गण्डस्वेदापनयनरुजाक्लान्तकर्णोत्पलानाम् · whose ear-lotuses have gone limp from wiping the sweat off the cheeks — a bahuvrīhi agreeing with मुखानाम्

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī

Rested, go on — wetting with the new drops the jasmine buds that came up of themselves along the forest streams and now belong to the gardens, and known for a moment, for the shade you give, to the faces of the women out cutting flowers, whose ear-lotuses have gone limp from wiping the sweat off their cheeks.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss

Rested, go on — wetting with the new drops the jasmine buds that came up of themselves along the forest streams and now belong to the gardens, and known for a moment, for the shade you give, to the faces of the women out cutting flowers, whose ear-lotuses have gone limp from wiping the sweat off their cheeks.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.26, whole-verse gloss

No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.