मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.16
मालक्षेत्र · the field-women who drink him in
त्वय्यायत्तं कृषिफलमिति भ्रूविलासानभिज्ञैः
प्रीतिस्निग्धैर्जनपदवधूलोचनैः पीयमानः
सद्यःसीरोत्कषणसुरभि क्षेत्रमारुह्य मालं
किंचित्पश्चाद्व्रज लघुगतिर्भूय एवोत्तरेण
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
त्वयि + आयत्तम् → त्वय्यायत्तं
इ + आ
कृषिफलम् + इति → कृषिफलमिति
म् + इ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
प्रीतिस्निग्धैः + जनपदवधूलोचनैः → प्रीतिस्निग्धैर्जनपदवधूलोचनैः
ः + ज्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
सद्यः + सीरोत्कषणसुरभि → सद्यःसीरोत्कषणसुरभि
ः + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
क्षेत्रम् + आरुह्य → क्षेत्रमारुह्य
म् + आ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
मालम् + किंचित् → मालं
म् + क्
किंचित् + पश्चात् → किंचित्पश्चाद्व्रज
त् + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
पश्चात् + व्रज → किंचित्पश्चाद्व्रज
त् + व्
लघुगतिः + भूयः → लघुगतिर्भूय
ः + भ्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
एव + उत्तरेण → एवोत्तरेण
अ + उ → ओ
कृषि + फल → कृषिफलम्
इ + फ्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
भ्रू + विलास → भ्रूविलासानभिज्ञैः
ऊ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
विलास + अनभिज्ञ → भ्रूविलासानभिज्ञैः
अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable सा
प्रीति + स्निग्ध → प्रीतिस्निग्धैः
इ + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
जनपद + वधू → जनपदवधूलोचनैः
अ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
वधू + लोचन → जनपदवधूलोचनैः
ऊ + ल्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
सीर + उत्कषण → सीरोत्कषणसुरभि
अ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable रो
उत्कषण + सुरभि → सीरोत्कषणसुरभि
अ + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
लघु + गति → लघुगतिः
उ + ग्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
त्वय्यायत्तं is त्वयि + आयत्तम्, the इ of त्वयि turning to य् before the vowel of आयत्तम् (यण्). कृषिफलमिति keeps the म् of फलम् before the vowel of इति. सद्यःसीरोत्कषण is सद्यः + सीर, the विसर्ग kept as a sibilant before the dental स्. किंचित्पश्चाद्व्रज runs किंचित् + पश्चात् + व्रज, the dental त् of पश्चात् voiced to द् before व्. लघुगतिर्भूय is लघुगतिः + भूयः, the विसर्ग after इ becoming र् before the voiced भ्, and भूयएव shows भूयः + एव with the विसर्ग lost before the vowel, then एव + उत्तरेण merging अ + उ into ओ (एवोत्तरेण).
त्वयि सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
आयत्तम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
कृषिफलम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
जनपदवधूलोचनैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
with भ्रूविलासानभिज्ञैः, प्रीतिस्निग्धैः
पीयमानः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
क्षेत्रम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with सीरोत्कषणसुरभि
मालम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
किंचित् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
उत्तरेण तृतीया · instrumental — करण — the instrumental standing for the road travelled by
उत्तरेण is instrumental, and the instrumental’s ordinary work is the instrument or the cause. Here it is the route: “go by the northern road”. Mallinātha supplies the noun मार्गेण and names the rule that puts a way travelled in the instrumental — प्रकृत्यादिभ्य उपसङ्ख्यानम्, the addition that licenses a तृतीया for a direction one goes by. So the case marks the path, not a tool.
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ
प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्
प्रकरण 48 · शेषे
not in the abridgement
कृषिफलम्
कृषि · फल
कृषेः फलम्
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the fruit of the ploughing
तत्पुरुष. the harvest — Mallinātha glosses कृषि as हलकर्म, the work of the plough, and फल as सस्य, the standing crop
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kṛṣerhalakarmaṇaḥ phalaṃ sasyaṃ”
भ्रूविलासानभिज्ञैः
भ्रू · विलास · अनभिज्ञ
भ्रुवोः विलासाः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the play of the eyebrows
भ्रूविलासानाम् अनभिज्ञैः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — by ones that know nothing of it
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with जनपदवधूलोचनैः. eyes that have not learnt the coquetry of a city woman's brows — Mallinātha finishes the thought for us: पामरत्वात्, because they are country people
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“bhrūvilāsānāṃ bhrūvikārāṇāmanabhijñaiḥ | pāmaratvāditi śeṣaḥ”
प्रीतिस्निग्धैः
प्रीति · स्निग्ध
प्रीत्या स्निग्धैः
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — wet with liking
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with जनपदवधूलोचनैः. eyes soft with affection — Mallinātha glosses अकृत्रिमप्रेमार्द्रैः, wet with a love that is not put on
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“prītyā snigdhaiḥ | akṛtrimapremārdrairityarthaḥ”
जनपदवधूलोचनैः
जनपद · वधू · लोचन
जनपदस्य वध्वः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the wives of the countryside
जनपदवधूनां लोचनानि
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — and their eyes
तत्पुरुष. the eyes of the village women — Mallinātha glosses पल्लीयोषिताम्, women of the hamlets
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“janapadavadhūnāṃ pallīyoṣitāṃ locanaiḥ”
सीरोत्कषणसुरभि
सीर · उत्कषण · सुरभि
सीरैः उत्कषणम्
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — the turning up of the soil by ploughs
सीरोत्कषणेन सुरभि
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — and sweet-smelling from it
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with क्षेत्रम्. the field breathing out the smell of just-turned earth — Mallinātha glosses सीर as हल and सुरभि as घ्राणतर्पण, what satisfies the nose
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“sīrairhalairutkaṣaṇena karṣaṇena surabhi ghrāṇatarpaṇaṃ”
लघुगतिः
लघु · गति
लघ्वी गतिः यस्य सः
बहुव्रीहि — one whose going is light
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to मेघः. travelling light again — Mallinātha gives the reason the compound does not: तत्र निर्वृष्टत्वात्, because you will have rained yourself out there
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“laghugatistatra nirvṛṣṭatvātkṣipragamanaḥ san”
pronoun, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
त्वयि
printed त्वय्यायत्तं
युष्मद्
on you — the locative of the thing a matter rests on, which Mallinātha names अधिकरण
√यत् + क्त, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
आयत्तम्
printed त्वय्यायत्तं
आयत्त, from आ + √यत्
resting on, depending on — Mallinātha glosses अधीनम् and cites Amara, who puts आयत्त beside अधीन
a-stem neuter, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
कृषिफलम्
printed कृषिफलमिति
फल
the fruit — and the compound says of what: of the ploughing
अव्यय
इति
printed कृषिफलमिति
इति
— here it means "and so": Mallinātha glosses इति हेतोः, this being the reason they look at you that way
a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
भ्रूविलासानभिज्ञैः
अनभिज्ञ
not knowing — and the compound says what they do not know. The word is masculine as a noun and neuter here, taking the gender of the लोचनैः it describes
a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
प्रीतिस्निग्धैः
printed प्रीतिस्निग्धैर्जनपदवधूलोचनैः
स्निग्ध
soft, wet — and the compound says with what: with liking. The word is masculine as a noun and neuter here, taking the gender of the लोचनैः it describes
a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
जनपदवधूलोचनैः
printed प्रीतिस्निग्धैर्जनपदवधूलोचनैः
लोचन
by the eyes — the instrumental of the one who drinks, since पीयमानः is passive
√पा + शानच् on the passive stem, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
पीयमानः
पीयमान, from √पा
being drunk — Mallinātha glosses सादरं वीक्ष्यमाणः, being looked at with attention: the eyes drink him as he goes by
पीयमानः, “being drunk in”, is a present passive participle — the form for something an action is being done to, right now. It is built on the passive stem of √पा, “to drink” (पीयते, “is drunk”), with the suffix शानच्, so पीयमान, “being drunk”. Mallinātha glosses it सादरं वीक्ष्यमाणः, “being gazed at with care”: the country women's eyes drink the cloud as it passes. Because जनपदवधूलोचनैः is the agent of a passive, it stands in the instrumental — the same turn that put the Siddha women in the instrumental at 1.14.
अव्यय
सद्यः
printed सद्यःसीरोत्कषणसुरभि
सद्यस्
that very moment — Mallinātha glosses तत्कालम् एव, and the point is the smell is fresh, not that the field is fertile
i-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
सीरोत्कषणसुरभि
printed सद्यःसीरोत्कषणसुरभि
सुरभि
sweet-smelling — Mallinātha glosses घ्राणतर्पणम् with Amara, what fills the nose
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
क्षेत्रम्
printed क्षेत्रमारुह्य
क्षेत्र
the field — and Viśva, whom Mallinātha quotes at the end, lets the word mean a wife too, which is the second reading he hears in the verse
√रुह् + ल्यप्
आरुह्य
printed क्षेत्रमारुह्य
आरुह्य, from आ + √रुह्
having climbed over — ल्यप्, the absolutive a prefix forces. Mallinātha reads it as "and having rained there": तत्र अभिवृष्य
आरुह्य, “having climbed”, is an absolutive — the form for the earlier of two actions by one doer, “having done X, he does Y”. Its suffix is ल्यप्, not the क्त्वा that a bare root takes: when a root carries a prefix (here आ + √रुह्), the absolutive is made with ल्यप् and ends in -य. So √रुह् alone would give रुह्वा, but आरुह्य with the prefix. Mallinātha reads it as “and having rained there”, तत्र अभिवृष्य, folding the raining into the climb.
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
मालम्
printed मालं
माल
Māla — Mallinātha takes it as the field's name and as its description at once: उन्नतभूतल, high ground, almost hill country. It is neuter here, with the क्षेत्रम् it names
pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
किंचित्
printed किंचित्पश्चाद्व्रज
किम् with चित्
a little — the accusative standing as an adverb of measure. It is किम् with the particle चित्, which makes it indefinite
किंचित्, “a little”, is किम्, “what”, with the particle चित् fixed to it, which turns the question word into an indefinite — “some, a little, somewhat”. The accusative किंचित् here is not an object but a measure of the going: go a little way west. The pair किम् + चित् is the everyday way Sanskrit makes “something” out of “what”, as किम् + अपि and किम् + चन do too; the particle is what does the work, not the case.
अव्यय
पश्चात्
printed किंचित्पश्चाद्व्रज
पश्चात्
westward — the same word does "behind" and "west", and a traveller going north has the west on his left either way
√व्रज्, class 1, लोट्, parasmaipada, second person singular
व्रज
printed किंचित्पश्चाद्व्रज
√व्रज्
go — Mallinātha glosses गच्छ. The second imperative of the journey, after उत्पत at 1.14
i-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
लघुगतिः
printed लघुगतिर्भूय
गति
going — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the one going, not the going. The word is feminine as a noun and masculine here, taking the gender of the cloud it describes
अव्यय
भूयः
printed लघुगतिर्भूय
भूयस्
again — Mallinātha glosses पुनरपि. The printed भूय is the visarga lost before the vowel of एव
अव्यय
एव
printed एवोत्तरेण
एव
just, precisely — it fastens onto उत्तरेण: by the northern road and no other
a-stem masculine, तृतीया एकवचन instrumental singular
उत्तरेण
printed एवोत्तरेण
उत्तर
by the northern one — Mallinātha supplies the noun, मार्गेण, and names the rule that puts a road in the instrumental
उत्तरेण, “by the northern road”, is an instrumental doing an unusual job: it marks the way travelled, not a tool or a cause. Mallinātha fills in the noun it agrees with, मार्गेण, “by the road”, and cites the rule that licenses a तृतीया for a direction one goes by — प्रकृत्यादिभ्य उपसङ्ख्यानम्. The एव fastened to it — उत्तरेण एव — makes it exclusive: by the northern road and no other, the road back to the one at 1.14.
कृषिफलम् · त्वयि · आयत्तम् · इति · प्रीतिस्निग्धैः · भ्रूविलासानभिज्ञैः · जनपदवधूलोचनैः · पीयमानः · सद्यः · सीरोत्कषणसुरभि · मालम् · क्षेत्रम् · आरुह्य · किंचित् · पश्चात् · लघुगतिः · भूयः · एव · उत्तरेण · व्रज
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
व्रज · क्रिया — go; Mallinātha glosses गच्छ, the second command of the journey after उत्पत at 1.14
पीयमानः · being drunk in — a present passive participle describing you as you pass
जनपदवधूलोचनैः · करण — by the eyes of the village women, the ones who drink you in
प्रीतिस्निग्धैः · soft with liking — agreeing with the eyes
भ्रूविलासानभिज्ञैः · knowing nothing of brow-play — agreeing with the eyes
आयत्तम् · the reason hung beneath: [the harvest] rests [on you]
कृषिफलम् · कर्ता — the harvest, the thing that rests
त्वयि · अधिकरण — on you, the one it rests on
इति · and so — Mallinātha's इति हेतोः, this being the reason
आरुह्य · having climbed — the absolutive, a step before you go on
क्षेत्रम् · कर्म — the upland field
मालम् · Māla — naming the field, and calling it high ground
सीरोत्कषणसुरभि · sweet with the smell of ploughs turning the soil — agreeing with the field
सद्यः · that very moment — the smell is fresh, not the soil fertile
किंचित् · क्रियाविशेषण — a little, the accusative standing as a measure
पश्चात् · westward — the same word does behind and west
लघुगतिः · light-going now — a bahuvrīhi describing you, empty of your rain
उत्तरेण · करण — by the northern road, Mallinātha's उत्तरमार्गेण
भूयः · क्रियाविशेषण — again, once more
एव · just — by that road and no other
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
The harvest rests on you — and for that, the women of the countryside, who have never learnt what a city woman does with her eyebrows, will drink you in with eyes soft with plain liking. Climb the upland field they call Māla, sweet that moment with the smell of ploughs turning the soil, rain there; then go a little west, light again now that you are empty, and take the northern road once more.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
The harvest rests on you — and for that the women of the countryside, who have never learnt what a city woman does with her eyebrows, will drink you in with eyes soft with plain liking. Climb the upland field they call Māla, sweet that moment with the smell of ploughs turning the soil; rain there, then go a little west, light again now that you are empty, and take the northern road once more.
No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.