मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 2.21

यक्षगृह · made small, and the lightning made faint

गत्वा सद्यः कलभतनुतां शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः

ग
त्वा
स
द्यः
क
ल
भ
त
नु
तां
शी
घ्र
स
म्पा
त
हे
तोः

क्रीडाशैले प्रथमकथिते रम्यसानौ निषण्णः

क्री
डा
शै
ले
प्र
थ
म
क
थि
ते
र
म्य
सा
नौ
नि
ष
ण्णः

अर्हस्यन्तर्भवनपतितां कर्तुमल्पाल्पभासं

अ
र्ह
स्य
न्त
र्भ
व
न
प
ति
तां
क
र्तु
म
ल्पा
ल्प
भा
सं

खद्योतालीविलसितनिभां विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम्

ख
द्यो
ता
ली
वि
ल
सि
त
नि
भां
वि
द्यु
दु
न्मे
ष
दृ
ष्टिम्

pāda a

  • गguruthe conjunct त्व that follows it
  • त्वाguruits long vowel आ
  • सguruthe conjunct द्य that follows it
  • द्यःguruthe visarga it carries
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • शीguruits long vowel ई
  • घ्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सguruthe conjunct म्प that follows it
  • म्पाguruits long vowel आ
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हेguruits long vowel ए
  • तोःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — सद्यः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — कलभतनुतां

pāda b

  • क्रीguruits long vowel ई
  • डाguruits long vowel आ
  • शैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • लेguruits long vowel ए
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • थlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • थिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तेguruits long vowel ए
  • रguruthe conjunct म्य that follows it
  • म्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • नौguruits long vowel औ
  • निlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • षguruthe conjunct ण्ण that follows it
  • ण्णःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — क्रीडाशैले
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — प्रथमकथिते

pāda c

  • अguruthe conjunct र्ह that follows it
  • र्हguruthe conjunct स्य that follows it
  • स्यguruthe conjunct न्त that follows it
  • न्तguruthe conjunct र्भ that follows it
  • र्भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • कguruthe conjunct र्त that follows it
  • र्तुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मguruthe conjunct ल्प that follows it
  • ल्पाguruits long vowel आ
  • ल्पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भाguruits long vowel आ
  • संguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside the compound अन्तर्भवनपतिताम्
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — अर्हस्यन्तर्भवनपतितां

pāda d

  • खguruthe conjunct द्य that follows it
  • द्योguruits long vowel ओ
  • ताguruits long vowel आ
  • लीguruits long vowel ई
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • निlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • विguruthe conjunct द्य that follows it
  • द्युlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दुguruthe conjunct न्म that follows it
  • न्मेguruits long vowel ए
  • षlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दृguruthe conjunct ष्ट that follows it
  • ष्टिम्guruthe end of the pāda, which counts the last syllable heavy
  • yati after 4 — a compound member ends here, inside खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम्
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — खद्योतालीविलसितनिभां
  • कलभतनुताम् + शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः → कलभतनुतां

    म् + श्

  • अर्हसि + अन्तर्भवनपतिताम् → अर्हस्यन्तर्भवनपतितां

    इ + अ

  • कर्तुम् + अल्पाल्पभासम् → कर्तुमल्पाल्पभासं

    म् + अ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम् + विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम् → खद्योतालीविलसितनिभां

    म् + व्

  • कलभ + तनु → कलभतनुताम्

    अ + त्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • शीघ्र + सम्पात → शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • सम्पात + हेतु → शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः

    अ + ह्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • क्रीडा + शैल → क्रीडाशैले

    आ + श्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • प्रथम + कथित → प्रथमकथिते

    अ + क्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • रम्य + सानु → रम्यसानौ

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • अन्तर् + भवन → अन्तर्भवनपतिताम्

    र् + भ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • भवन + पतित → अन्तर्भवनपतिताम्

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • अल्प + अल्प → अल्पाल्पभासम्

    अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable ल्पा

  • अल्प + भास् → अल्पाल्पभासम्

    अ + भ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • खद्योत + आली → खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम्

    अ + आ → आ · falls inside the syllable ता

  • आली + विलसित → खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम्

    ई + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • विलसित + निभ → खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम्

    अ + न्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • विद्युत् + उन्मेष → विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम्

    त् + उ

  • उन्मेष + दृष्टि → विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम्

    अ + द्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

The finite verb meets the next word across a vowel: अर्हसि + अन्तर्भवन → अर्हस्यन्तर्भवन, where the इ of अर्हसि becomes य् before the dissimilar vowel अ by Pāṇini 6.1.77 इको यणचि. Inside विद्युदुन्मेष the final त् of विद्युत् voices to द् before the vowel of उन्मेष by 8.2.39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, which turns a word-final stop into its voiced counterpart. In खद्योताली the अ of खद्योत fuses with the आ of आली into a single long आ by 6.1.101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः, which lengthens two like vowels into one. And each accusative in -म् meeting a following consonant shows the म् written as anusvāra — कलभतनुतां गत्वा, अल्पाल्पभासं खद्योत°, निभां विद्युत्° — by 8.3.23 मोऽनुस्वारः.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt
  • Aṣṭādhyāyī — 6.1.77 इको यणचि; 8.2.39 झलां जशोऽन्ते; 6.1.101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः
  • शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः षष्ठी · genitive — षष्ठी governed by the noun हेतु, not an ablative

    The ending -ओः looks like the ablative — 'from quick descent' — and that is how a word meaning 'because of' would ordinarily be built. It is not the ablative. For a u-stem like हेतु the ablative and the genitive singular are the same syllable, हेतोः, so the form alone cannot tell you which case it is, and only a rule decides. Mallinātha names the rule: Pāṇini 2.3.26 षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगे — when the word हेतु, 'cause', is itself used in the sentence, the sixth case (the genitive) goes on the word of cause standing with it. The rule exists because हेतु is a noun and not a postposition: the phrase is literally 'of the cause, which is quick entry', not 'from quickness'. Mallinātha unpacks the compound शीघ्रसम्पात एव हेतुस्तस्य, 'of that whose cause is just the swift descent', and glosses the whole शीघ्रप्रवेशार्थम्, 'for the sake of getting in fast'.

    • Aṣṭādhyāyī — 2.3.26 षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगे
    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.21: śīghrasampāta eva hetus tasya … “ṣaṣṭhī hetuprayoge” iti ṣaṣṭhī
  • क्रीडाशैले सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

    with प्रथमकथिते, रम्यसानौ

  • निषण्णः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with अन्तर्भवनपतिताम्, अल्पाल्पभासम्, खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम्

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 21 · सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच्

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्

प्रकरण 60 · स्त्रियाम्

not in the abridgement

कलभतनुताम्

कलभ · तनु

  1. कलभस्य तनुः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the body of an elephant calf

  2. कलभस्य तनुरिव तनुर्यस्य सः

    बहुव्रीहि — he whose body is like a calf's

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to मेघ. the slightness of an elephant calf — and Mallinātha builds it in three steps, each of which the compound hides. कलभस्य करिपोतस्य तनुरिव तनुर्यस्य, 'whose body is like the body of a कलभ, an elephant's young'; then तस्य भावस्ताम्, 'the state of being that'; then the whole thing over again in one word, अल्पशरीरताम्, smallness of body. **The affix is where the grammar is.** ता — Pāṇini's तल् — turns an adjective into the abstract noun of it, so what the cloud goes to is not a small body but the condition of having one. The इव is not in the compound either, and without it the phrase would say the cloud's body *is* a calf's rather than like one. Whom it describes is not in the verse at all: Mallinātha writes हे मेघ in his first breath

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks कलभस्य करिपोतस्य तनुरिव तनुर्यस्य तस्य भावस्तामल्पशरीरताम् and opens the comment हे मेघ“kalabhasya karipotasya tanur iva tanur yasya tasya bhāvas tām alpaśarīratāṃ gatvā prāpya”

शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः

शीघ्र · सम्पात · हेतु

  1. शीघ्रः सम्पातः

    कर्मधारय — a swift descent

  2. शीघ्रसम्पात एव हेतुः, तस्य

    कर्मधारय — of which the cause is just that

कर्मधारय. because of getting in quickly — and the whole of this compound's difficulty is its case. Mallinātha unpacks it शीघ्रसम्पात एव हेतुस्तस्य and then names the rule for the ending: “षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगे” इति षष्ठी, Pāṇini 2.3.26, which puts the *genitive* on a word of cause when the word हेतु is used with it. **So हेतोः is not the ablative it looks like.** For a u-stem the two cases are the same syllable, and only the sūtra decides. He then settles सम्पात with the Śabdārṇava, which gives it four senses — सम्पातः पतने वेगे प्रवेशे वेदसंविदे, falling, speed, entering, and knowing the Veda — and takes the third: शीघ्रप्रवेशार्थम्, for the sake of getting in fast

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks शीघ्रसम्पात एव हेतुस्तस्य, glosses शीघ्रप्रवेशार्थम्, cites “षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगे” for the case and “सम्पातः पतने वेगे प्रवेशे वेदसंविदे” from the Śabdārṇava for the sense; Pāṇini 2.3.26 by way of skt-mcp for the sūtra's text“śīghrasampāta eva hetus tasya | śīghrapraveśārtham ityarthaḥ || “ṣaṣṭhī hetuprayoge” iti ṣaṣṭhī || “sampātaḥ patane vege praveśe vedasaṃvide” iti śabdārṇave”

क्रीडाशैले

क्रीडा · शैल

  1. क्रीडायाः शैलः, तस्मिन्

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the hill for playing on

तत्पुरुष. on the pleasure-hill — an artificial mound in a garden, built to be climbed. Mallinātha carries the word over without dividing it and spends his note on where it stands rather than on what it is: प्रथमकथिते, already spoken of. **The same word stands at 2.17**, in the same house, and this is the poem's own back-reference rather than the reader's — the commentator quotes 2.17's first two syllables to make the link

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who carries the compound over undivided and glosses only its epithet; the vigraha is the reader's“krīḍāśaile niṣaṇṇa upaviṣṭaḥ san”

प्रथमकथिते

प्रथम · कथित

  1. प्रथमं कथितः, तस्मिन्

    तत्पुरुष (accusative) — spoken of before

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with क्रीडाशैले. spoken of already — and Mallinātha does what the epithet asks and finds the place: “तस्यास्तीरे” इत्यादिना पूर्वोद्दिष्टे, 'indicated before, by तस्यास्तीरे and the rest'. Those are the first two words of **2.17**, four stanzas back, where the hill stood on the pool's edge with its peak of sapphires and its screen of golden plantains. **This is the first time in either canto that he identifies a cross-reference by quoting the stanza it points to.** The first member is an adverb — प्रथमम्, the accusative of प्रथम doing adverb duty — and the compound leaves its ending off, so nothing on the page says whether the hill was first or was described first

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses प्रथमकथिते “तस्यास्तीरे” इत्यादिना पूर्वोद्दिष्टे, quoting the opening of 2.17“prathamakathite “tasyās tīre” ityādinā pūrvoddiṣṭe”

रम्यसानौ

रम्य · सानु

  1. रम्यं सानु यस्य, तस्मिन्

    बहुव्रीहि — whose ridge is pleasant

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to क्रीडाशैले. with its pleasant ridge — and Mallinātha will not let रम्य stay decorative. निषीदनयोग्य इत्यर्थः, 'the sense is: fit to sit down on'. **He is reading the epithet as a reason.** The cloud has just been told to shrink to the size of an elephant calf and is now being told where to perch, so the word that would ordinarily mean lovely has to mean load-bearing. His gloss is masculine singular, which is what makes the compound a bahuvrīhi describing the hill rather than a locative of its own

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses रम्यसानौ निषीदनयोग्य इत्यर्थः, in the masculine agreeing with शैल“ramyasānau | niṣīdanayogya ityarthaḥ | krīḍāśaile niṣaṇṇa upaviṣṭaḥ san”

अन्तर्भवनपतिताम्

अन्तर् · भवन · पतित

  1. भवनस्य अन्तः, अन्तर्भवनम्

    अव्ययीभाव — inside the house

  2. अन्तर्भवने पतिता, ताम्

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — fallen in there

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम्. let in as far as the inside of the house — Mallinātha builds it in the same two steps he built the same first half in at 2.10: भवनस्यान्तरन्तर्भवनं तत्र पतिताम्, 'the inside of the house is antarbhavana; fallen in there'. There he named the rule that makes it one word, Pāṇini 2.1.6, and here he takes it as settled. Then he replaces the participle: प्रविष्टाम्, entered. **A look does not fall into a house, it is sent there**, and प्रविष्ट is the verb of a person coming in at a door. DCS splits अन्तर् off as a loose indeclinable, which leaves it governing nothing — the same split it made at 2.6 and 2.8

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks भवनस्यान्तरन्तर्भवनं तत्र पतितां प्रविष्टाम्, as he unpacked अन्तर्भवन at 2.10 with Pāṇini 2.1.6“bhavanasyāntar antarbhavanaṃ tatra patitāṃ praviṣṭāṃ kartum arhasi”

अल्पाल्पभासम्

अल्प · अल्प · भास्

  1. अल्पाल्पा, अल्पप्रकारा

    कर्मधारय — faint of a faint kind

  2. अल्पाल्पा भाः यस्याः, ताम्

    बहुव्रीहि — whose light is of that faint kind

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम्. with its light kept very low — and the doubling is a rule and not an emphasis. Mallinātha unpacks अल्पाल्पाऽल्पप्रकारा भाः प्रकाशो यस्यास्ताम् and then names it: “प्रकारे गुणवचनस्य” इति द्विरुक्तिः, Pāṇini 8.1.12, which doubles a quality-word to say that the quality holds only in a manner or to a degree — and the doubled pair is then treated as a karmadhāraya. **So अल्पाल्प is not 'less and less' but 'faintish'.** The reason the cloud must dim itself is in the stanza before and after this one: it is going to look into a bedroom, and a bright flash would wake the house

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks अल्पाल्पाऽल्पप्रकारा भाः प्रकाशो यस्यास्ताम् and cites “प्रकारे गुणवचनस्य” इति द्विरुक्तिः; Pāṇini 8.1.12 by way of skt-mcp for the sūtra's text“alpālpā 'lpaprakārā bhāḥ prakāśo yasyās tām || “prakāre guṇavacanasya” iti dviruktiḥ”

खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम्

खद्योत · आली · विलसित · निभ

  1. खद्योतानाम् आली

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — a row of fireflies

  2. आल्याः विलसितम्

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the flashing of that row

  3. विलसितेन निभा, ताम्

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — like that flashing

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम्. like the winking of a line of fireflies — and Mallinātha builds it joint by joint, glossing as he goes: खद्योतानामाली तस्या विलसितेन स्फुरितेन निभां समानाम्. विलसित he answers with स्फुरित, a quivering or a flashing; निभ with समान, alike. **The comparison sets the scale.** A firefly is the smallest light there is and it goes out between flashes, so the cloud is being asked for a lightning that is intermittent as well as faint. The last member is what makes the whole a comparison, and it carries no इव: निभ at the end of a compound simply means 'resembling'

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks खद्योतानामाली तस्या विलसितेन स्फुरितेन निभां समानाम्“khadyotānām ālī tasyā vilasitena sphuritena nibhāṃ samānām”

विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम्

विद्युत् · उन्मेष · दृष्टि

  1. विद्युतः उन्मेषः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the opening of the lightning

  2. विद्युदुन्मेष एव दृष्टिः, ताम्

    कर्मधारय — that flash, which is the glance

कर्मधारय. the glance that is a lightning-flash — and Mallinātha unpacks it with the formula of a metaphor: विद्युदुन्मेषो विद्युत्प्रकाशः स एव दृष्टिस्ताम्, 'the lightning-flash — that itself is the look'. **स एव is the school's own test for a रूपक**, one thing said to be another rather than said to be like it, and he does not use the word. The second half of the stanza has both moves in it at once: this identity, and the firefly comparison beside it. उन्मेष is the opening of an eye, so the first member is already an eye-word and the third makes it one twice over

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks विद्युदुन्मेषो विद्युत्प्रकाशः स एव दृष्टिस्ताम्, without naming a figure“vidyudunmeṣo vidyutprakāśaḥ sa eva dṛṣṭis tāṃ bhavanasyāntar”

  • √गम् + क्त्वा

    गत्वा

    गत्वा, from √गम् with क्त्वा

    having reached — and Mallinātha replaces the verb of motion with one of arriving: गत्वा प्राप्य, 'having attained'. The cloud does not go anywhere in this word; it takes on a shape, and √गम् with an abstract noun for its object means becoming. **The affix is visible here and hidden at 2.20**: this one is spelled त्वा and `scripts/draft-analysis.ts` read it correctly, where दृष्ट्वा's ट्वा defeated the same test one stanza ago

  • अव्यय

    सद्यः

    सद्यस्

    at once — Mallinātha answers it सपदि, on the spot. **It is the second time-word in two stanzas** and it points the other way from 2.20's अधुना: there the yakṣa was guessing about the present from far off, and here he is giving the cloud an order about a moment that has not come. The word has been in the poem before, at 1.4, where the cloud's own coming was सद्यः

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    कलभतनुताम्

    printed कलभतनुतां

    तनुता, from तनु with the affix तल्

    slightness — the abstract noun of तनु, thin, made with the affix तल्, which is always feminine and always ends in ता. Mallinātha spells the derivation out — तस्य भावस्ताम्, 'the state of being that' — and then replaces the whole with a compound built the same way, अल्पशरीरताम्. **The accusative is the object of a verb of going**, which is how Sanskrit says becoming: one does not become small, one goes to smallness. The final म् becomes anusvāra before the श् of the next word

    The first order is 'become small', and Sanskrit says becoming with a verb of going. गत्वा means literally 'having gone', but its object is कलभतनुताम्, an abstract noun — 'the slightness of an elephant calf' — and √गम् with an abstract noun for its object means turning into that thing. One does not become small; one goes to smallness. The abstract noun is made with the affix तल् (spelled ता), which turns तनु, 'thin', into तनुता, 'thinness', and is always feminine. Mallinātha spells the derivation out — कलभस्य करिपोतस्य तनुरिव तनुर्यस्य तस्य भावस्ताम्, 'the state of being one whose body is like a young elephant's' — and then hands over the whole thing in one word of his own, अल्पशरीरताम्, smallness of body. The इव, 'like', is nowhere in the compound; without it the phrase would say the cloud's body is a calf's rather than like one.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.21: kalabhasya karipotasya tanur iva tanur yasya tasya bhāvas tām alpaśarīratām
  • u-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः

    हेतु

    by reason of — and the case is the one thing here a reader cannot see. हेतोः is the ablative and the genitive singular alike for a u-stem, and DCS reads the ablative, which is what a word meaning 'because of' would ordinarily be. Mallinātha names the rule that makes it a genitive instead: “षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगे”, Pāṇini 2.3.26 — where the word हेतु is itself used, the sixth case goes on it. **The rule exists because हेतु is a noun and not a postposition**, so the phrase is 'of the cause, which is quick entry' rather than 'from quickness'

  • a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    क्रीडाशैले

    शैल

    on the hill — शैल is what is made of शिला, rock, so the word is a derivative and means 'the stony thing'. Mallinātha does not gloss it, because he glossed it at 2.17 and says so by quoting that stanza. **The locative is where the cloud sits**, and it is the fourth of the five tokens being used rather than described: 2.17 said the hill is there, and this stanza says climb it

  • √कथ् + क्त, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    प्रथमकथिते

    कथित, from √कथ् of the tenth class with क्त

    spoken of — the past participle of √कथ्, to tell, which is a tenth-class root and so keeps its णिच् vowel through the affix. Mallinātha answers it with उद्दिष्ट, pointed out, and adds the पूर्व- the compound leaves implicit. **What he does next is the whole interest of the word**: he quotes the stanza it points back to, “तस्यास्तीरे” इत्यादिना, which is 2.17. The messenger is being told to find a place he has already been told about, and the commentator checks the reference

    The word tells the cloud to go to a place it has already been told about — प्रथमकथिते, 'spoken of before'. Mallinātha does not merely gloss it; he checks the reference and quotes the stanza it points to: “तस्यास्तीरे” इत्यादिना पूर्वोद्दिष्टे, 'indicated before, by tasyās tīre and the rest'. Those are the opening words of 2.17, four stanzas back, where the pleasure-hill stood on the pool's edge with its peak of sapphires and its screen of golden plantains. This is the first time in either canto that Mallinātha identifies a cross-reference by quoting the very stanza it refers to, rather than leaving the reader to find it. The first member प्रथमम् is an adverb — the accusative of प्रथम doing adverb duty — so nothing on the page settles whether the hill was described first or was the first thing described.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.21: prathamakathite “tasyās tīre” ityādinā pūrvoddiṣṭe
  • u-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    रम्यसानौ

    सानु, taking masculine endings at the end of a bahuvrīhi

    ridge — सानु is the tableland at the top of a hill, the flat part you can stand on. Mallinātha does not gloss the noun; he glosses what the epithet is for, निषीदनयोग्यः, fit to sit on. **The gender is borrowed.** सानु is a neuter noun on its own; at the end of a bahuvrīhi describing the masculine शैल it takes masculine endings, and the locative singular happens to be सानौ either way

  • √सद् + क्त, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    निषण्णः

    निषण्ण, from √सद् with नि and क्त

    seated — the past participle of नि with √सद्, and almost nothing of the root is left in it: the स् has become ष् after the इ of नि, and the द् with the त् of क्त has become ण्ण. Mallinātha answers it उपविष्टः, which is the same idea built on a different root, and adds सन् to make it a clause. **It is the one word in the stanza that tells the cloud to stop moving.** Everything before it is travel and shrinking; everything after it is what to do while sitting still

  • √अर्ह्, class 1, लट्, parasmaipada, second person singular

    अर्हसि

    printed अर्हस्यन्तर्भवनपतितां

    √अर्ह् of the first class

    you are the one to — √अर्ह् is to deserve or to be fit for, and with an infinitive after it the pair is Sanskrit's politest way of asking. Mallinātha carries it over unglossed, writing only कर्तुमर्हसि at the end of his anvaya. **The verb and its infinitive are named together in one sūtra**: Pāṇini 3.4.65 lists the verbs that take तुमुन् after them — शक्, धृष्, ज्ञा, ग्ला, घट्, रभ्, लभ्, क्रम्, सह्, **अर्ह्**, and words meaning 'to be' — so कर्तुम् … अर्हसि is the construction the rule was written for. The इ becomes य् before the अ of अन्तर्, by 6.1.77 इको यणचि

  • √पत् + क्त, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    अन्तर्भवनपतिताम्

    printed अर्हस्यन्तर्भवनपतितां

    पतित, from √पत् with क्त

    fallen — the past participle of √पत्, to fall, agreeing with दृष्टिम्; Mallinātha replaces it with प्रविष्टाम्, entered, which is a verb of going in on purpose. **The change is the point of the line.** A glance that falls is a glance let go of, and one that enters is aimed — and his closing paraphrase makes the aiming explicit, with a man on a height casting a long look at the place he wants. The participle is past and the action has not happened: क्त after a root of motion makes the state, not the tense

    The participle says the glance is 'fallen' inside the house — पतिताम्, from √पत्, to fall. Mallinātha will not let it fall. He replaces it with प्रविष्टाम्, 'entered', the verb of a person coming in at a door: a look that falls is a look let go of, and one that enters is aimed. His closing paraphrase makes the aiming a whole picture drawn from ordinary life, not poetry — यथा कश्चित्किञ्चिदन्विष्यन्क्वचिदुन्नते स्थित्वा … दृष्टिमिष्टदेशे पातयति, 'as a man looking for something stands somewhere high and slowly casts a very long look at the place he wants'. The first half of the compound, अन्तर्भवनम्, 'inside the house', he takes as the same avyayībhāva (an indeclinable compound headed by a preposition) he had already built at 2.10 under Pāṇini 2.1.6, and here treats as settled.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.21: bhavanasyāntar antarbhavanaṃ tatra patitāṃ praviṣṭāṃ kartum arhasi; yathā kaścit kiñcid anviṣyan kvacid unnate sthitvā dṛṣṭim iṣṭadeśe pātayati
  • √कृ + तुमुन्

    कर्तुम्

    printed कर्तुमल्पाल्पभासं

    कर्तुम्, from √कृ with तुमुन्

    to make — the infinitive, and it governs two accusatives at once: the glance, and the state of having got inside. Mallinātha keeps the pair together at the end of his anvaya, पतितां प्रविष्टां कर्तुमर्हसि. **The affix is licensed by the verb standing next to it.** Pāṇini 3.4.65 gives तुमुन् after a governing verb meaning 'be able', 'dare', 'be fit', and अर्ह् is on its list. DCS tags the word `pos=vi`, a verbal indeclinable, and names no affix, exactly as it did for दृष्ट्वा at 2.20 — and `scripts/draft-analysis.ts` has only two answers for that tag, क्त्वा and ल्यप्, so it called an infinitive an absolutive

  • s-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    अल्पाल्पभासम्

    printed कर्तुमल्पाल्पभासं

    भास्, feminine

    light — भास् is brightness, and Mallinātha answers it with प्रकाश, the same word he used of the emeralds at 2.19. The stem is a bare root with no affix on it at all, which is why it ends in a consonant. **The generator's one अस्-stem table cannot hold it, and the reason is a vowel.** भास् has a long आ where मनस् and वचस् have a short अ, and the rule that turns their स् into ओ before an ending — Pāṇini 6.1.114 हशि च — applies only after a short अ. skt-data applies it anyway, and what comes out is not a wrong word but no word: `भाोभ्याम्`, `भाोभिः`, two vowel-signs on one consonant

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम्

    printed खद्योतालीविलसितनिभां

    निभा, the feminine of निभ

    like — निभ at the end of a compound means resembling, and Mallinātha answers it with समान, the same. It takes feminine endings because it agrees with दृष्टिम्. **The word carries the whole comparison and is the shortest thing in it**: four members, three joints, and the one that makes it a simile is two syllables at the end with no particle to help it

  • i-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम्

    दृष्टि

    glance — दृष्टि is the act of seeing and then the look itself, and it is the object of कर्तुम् and the thing every other accusative in the second half agrees with. Mallinātha keeps it in his own words at the end, दृष्टिमिष्टदेशे पातयति, 'casts the look at the place he wants'. **The word is built from the same root as दृष्ट्वा one stanza back**, and the two stanzas are the two halves of one act of seeing: the cloud sees the door, and then makes a look go in at it

    The second half of the stanza carries two figures at once, and does the work of both without naming either. The glance the cloud is to make is विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टि, and Mallinātha unpacks it with the school's own test for a रूपक (metaphor, one thing said to be another): विद्युदुन्मेषो विद्युत्प्रकाशः स एव दृष्टिस्ताम्, 'the lightning-flash — that itself is the look'. The words स एव, 'that very thing', are the formula for identity, not likeness, so the flash is not compared to a glance but declared to be one; he leaves the figure unnamed. Beside it stands a plain simile, खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम्, 'like the winking of a line of fireflies', and its work is scale: a firefly is the smallest light there is and it goes dark between flashes, so the cloud is asked for a lightning that is intermittent as well as faint. The one calls the glance a lightning; the other cuts that lightning down to a firefly.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.21: vidyudunmeṣo vidyutprakāśaḥ sa eva dṛṣṭis tām; khadyotānām ālī tasyā vilasitena … nibhāṃ samānām

मेघ [supplied] · शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः · सद्यः · कलभतनुताम् · गत्वा · प्रथमकथिते · रम्यसानौ · क्रीडाशैले · निषण्णः · सन् [supplied] · अल्पाल्पभासम् · खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम् · विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम् · अन्तर्भवनपतिताम् · कर्तुम् · अर्हसि

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary runs as anvaya. He begins outside the stanza, with a vocative the verse does not have — हे मेघ — and then takes the reason before the act, moving शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः from the end of the first pāda to the front of the sentence, because a purpose stated first is what makes the shrinking intelligible. He puts प्रथमकथिते and रम्यसानौ in front of the noun they qualify. **He supplies सन्** after निषण्णः, turning the participle into a clause of its own — 'while seated' — which is what keeps the sitting and the looking from running together. The three accusatives of the second half he leaves in the verse's order and hands to कर्तुम् at the end“he megha, śīghrasampāta eva hetus tasya … sadyaḥ sapadi … tasya bhāvas tām alpaśarīratāṃ gatvā prāpya prathamakathite … pūrvoddiṣṭe ramyasānau | niṣīdanayogya ityarthaḥ | krīḍāśaile niṣaṇṇa upaviṣṭaḥ san | alpālpā 'lpaprakārā bhāḥ … khadyotānām ālī tasyā vilasitena … nibhāṃ samānāṃ vidyudunmeṣo … sa eva dṛṣṭis tāṃ bhavanasyāntar antarbhavanaṃ tatra patitāṃ praviṣṭāṃ kartum arhasi”

the dependency structure

अर्हसि · क्रिया — you are the one to; the finite verb of the stanza, second person singular of √अर्ह्, governing the infinitive कर्तुम्

मेघ · सम्बोधन — O cloud; the one addressed, supplied by Mallinātha, who opens हे मेघ though the verse has no vocative

गत्वा · पूर्वकालक्रिया — having gone to, having become; the absolutive in क्त्वा, the first thing done before the sitting and the looking

शीघ्रसम्पातहेतोः · हेतुषष्ठी — for the reason that is quick entry, शीघ्रप्रवेशार्थम्; a genitive of cause, moved to the front because the purpose is what makes the shrinking make sense

सद्यः · क्रियाविशेषण — at once, सपदि; the adverb on गत्वा, do it this moment

कलभतनुताम् · कर्म — to the slightness of an elephant calf; the accusative object of गत्वा, the state the cloud goes to

निषण्णः · विशेषण — seated, उपविष्टः; the past participle describing the cloud, the one word that tells it to stop moving

सन् · विशेषण — being; supplied by Mallinātha after निषण्णः to turn the participle into a clause of its own, 'while seated'

क्रीडाशैले · अधिकरण — on the pleasure-hill; the locative where the cloud sits, the same hill named at 2.17

प्रथमकथिते · agreeing with क्रीडाशैले — spoken of before, पूर्वोद्दिष्टे; the epithet that sends the reader back to 2.17

रम्यसानौ · agreeing with क्रीडाशैले — whose ridge is pleasant, निषीदनयोग्यः; a bahuvrīhi Mallinātha reads as 'fit to sit on', not merely lovely

कर्तुम् · तुमुन् — to make; the infinitive that अर्हसि governs, itself governing the accusatives of the second half

विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम् · कर्म — the glance that is a lightning-flash; the accusative object of कर्तुम्, the thing every other accusative in the half agrees with

अल्पाल्पभासम् · agreeing with विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम् — with its light kept very low, अल्पप्रकारा भाः यस्याः; a bahuvrīhi on the glance

खद्योतालीविलसितनिभाम् · agreeing with विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम् — like the winking of a line of fireflies, विलसितेन समानाम्; the simile that sets the scale

अन्तर्भवनपतिताम् · agreeing with विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टिम् — let in as far as the inside of the house, अन्तर्भवने प्रविष्टाम्; the glance sent, not dropped

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading, which roots the stanza at the finite verb अर्हसि governing the infinitive कर्तुम्, reads हेतोः as a genitive of cause by Pāṇini 2.3.26 rather than the ablative it resembles, doubles अल्पाल्प by 8.1.12, and identifies the pleasure-hill by quoting 2.17; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam. The vocative मेघ and the participle-completing सन् are supplied by Mallinātha.

Go small at once — as small as an elephant calf, so that you can get in fast — and settle on the pleasure-hill I told you of before, the one with the comfortable ridge; then you are the one to send a look inside the house, a look that is a flash of lightning kept so faint it is like a line of fireflies winking. **The stanza is a set of instructions and every clause is a condition on the next.** Shrink, so as to fit; sit, so as to be still; dim yourself, so as not to wake anybody. Mallinātha reads it that way throughout and turns two of the epithets into reasons: रम्य is निषीदनयोग्य, fit to sit on, not merely lovely; and शीघ्रसम्पात he settles out of the Śabdārṇava's four senses as प्रवेश, entering, so the compound means 'for the sake of getting in quickly'. **He names three rules and one cross-reference.** The genitive हेतोः, which looks like an ablative and is not, he fixes with Pāṇini 2.3.26 षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगे — where the noun हेतु is used, the sixth case goes with it. The doubled अल्पाल्प he fixes with 8.1.12 प्रकारे गुणवचनस्य, which doubles a quality-word to say the quality holds only in a manner, so the phrase means 'faintish' rather than 'fainter and fainter'. अन्तर्भवनम् he takes as the avyayībhāva he had already made it at 2.10. And प्रथमकथिते he does not merely gloss but checks: “तस्यास्तीरे” इत्यादिना पूर्वोद्दिष्टे, 'indicated before by तस्यास्तीरे and the rest' — which is the opening of **2.17**, four stanzas back, where the hill was described. It is the first time in either canto that he identifies a back-reference by quoting the stanza it points to. **What he does not do is name a figure.** He unpacks विद्युदुन्मेषदृष्टि with स एव, one thing said to be another, which is the school's own formula for a रूपक, and leaves it unnamed; and he ends instead with a picture of his own, in ordinary life and not in poetry: यथा कश्चित्किञ्चिदन्विष्यन्क्वचिदुन्नते स्थित्वा शनैः शनैरतितरां द्राघीयसीं दृष्टिमिष्टदेशे पातयति तद्वत् — 'as a man looking for something stands somewhere high and slowly, slowly, casts a very long look at the place he wants: like that'. It is the same move he made at 2.11 with the woman on the night road: the poem gives a strange image and he answers with an ordinary one.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss; the reading of रम्य as निषीदनयोग्य, the choice of प्रवेश from the Śabdārṇava's four senses of सम्पात, the three sūtras, the identification of the back-reference by quotation, and the closing picture of the man on the height are all his. That the stanza is a chain of conditions, and that the स एव of his last vigraha is the रूपक formula he declines to name, is the reader's“yathā kaścit kiñcid anviṣyan kvacid unnate sthitvā śanaiḥ śanair atitarāṃ drāghīyasīṃ dṛṣṭim iṣṭadeśe pātayati tadvad ityarthaḥ”

O cloud, shrink at once — go small as an elephant calf, so that you can get in quickly — and settle on the pleasure-hill I spoke of before, the one with the comfortable ridge; then you are the one to send a look inside the house, a glance that is a flash of lightning kept so faint that it is like a line of fireflies winking. The stanza is a chain of instructions and every clause is a condition on the next: shrink, so as to fit; sit, so as to be still; dim yourself, so as not to wake the house. Mallinātha reads it that way throughout and turns two epithets into reasons — रम्य is निषीदनयोग्य, 'fit to sit on', not merely lovely, and शीघ्रसम्पात he settles out of the Śabdārṇava's four senses of सम्पात as प्रवेश, 'entering', so the compound means 'for the sake of getting in quickly'. He names three rules — the genitive हेतोः by 2.3.26, the doubled अल्पाल्प by 8.1.12, the compound अन्तर्भवनम् by the avyayībhāva of 2.10 — and one cross-reference, quoting 2.17 for the hill.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.21, whole-verse gloss
  • Vedam Venkataraya Sastri, Āndhra Meghasandeśam — 2.21 తాత్పర్యము; vendor/vedam-meghasandesam-telugu-ocr.txt

No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.