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मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.17

आम्रकूट · the mountain that takes him on its head

त्वामासारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवं साधु मूर्ध्ना

त्वा
मा
सा
र
प्र
श
मि
त
व
नो
प
प्ल
वं
सा
धु
मू
र्ध्ना

वक्ष्यत्यध्वश्रमपरिगतं सानुमानाम्रकूटः

व
क्ष्य
त्य
ध्व
श्र
म
प
रि
ग
तं
सा
नु
मा
ना
म्र
कू
टः

न क्षुद्रोऽपि प्रथमसुकृतापेक्षया संश्रयाय

न
क्षु
द्रो
ऽपि
प्र
थ
म
सु
कृ
ता
पे
क्ष
या
सं
श्र
या
य

प्राप्ते मित्रे भवति विमुखः किं पुनर्यस्तथोच्चैः

प्रा
प्ते
मि
त्रे
भ
व
ति
वि
मु
खः
किं
पु
न
र्य
स्त
थो
च्चैः

pāda a

  • त्वाguruits long vowel आ
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • रguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नोguruits long vowel ओ
  • पguruthe conjunct प्ल that follows it
  • प्लlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • धुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • र्ध्नाguruits long vowel आ
  • yati after 4 — a compound member ends here, inside आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम्
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम्

pāda b

  • वguruthe conjunct क्ष्य that follows it
  • क्ष्यguruthe conjunct त्य that follows it
  • त्यguruthe conjunct ध्व that follows it
  • ध्वguruthe conjunct श्र that follows it
  • श्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • गlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • नुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • नाguruits long vowel आ
  • म्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • टःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a compound member ends here, inside अध्वश्रमपरिगतम्
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — वक्ष्यत्यध्वश्रमपरिगतं

pāda c

  • नguruthe conjunct क्ष that follows it
  • क्षुguruthe conjunct द्र that follows it
  • द्रोguruits long vowel ओ
  • ऽपिguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • थlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कृlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • ताguruits long vowel आ
  • पेguruits long vowel ए
  • क्षlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • याguruits long vowel आ
  • संguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • श्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • याguruits long vowel आ
  • यlaghuits short vowel — light on its own, though the pāda ends here
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — क्षुद्रोऽपि
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound प्रथमसुकृतापेक्षया

pāda d

  • प्राguruits long vowel आ
  • प्तेguruits long vowel ए
  • मिguruthe conjunct त्र that follows it
  • त्रेguruits long vowel ए
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • खःguruthe visarga it carries
  • किंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • पुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नguruthe conjunct र्य that follows it
  • र्यguruthe conjunct स्त that follows it
  • स्तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • थोguruits long vowel ओ
  • च्चैःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — मित्रे
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — विमुखः

  • त्वाम् + आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम् → त्वामासारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवं

    म् + आ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • वक्ष्यति + अध्वश्रमपरिगतम् → वक्ष्यत्यध्वश्रमपरिगतं

    इ + अ

  • सानुमान् + आम्रकूटः → सानुमानाम्रकूटः

    न् + आ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • क्षुद्रः + अपि → क्षुद्रोऽपि

    ः + अ → ओ

  • किम् + पुनः → किं

    म् + प्

  • पुनः + यः → पुनर्यस्तथोच्चैः

    ः + य्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • यः + तथा → पुनर्यस्तथोच्चैः

    ः + त्

  • तथा + उच्चैः → पुनर्यस्तथोच्चैः

    आ + उ → ओ

  • आसार + प्रशमित → आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम्

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • प्रशमित + वन → आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम्

    अ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • वन + उपप्लव → आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम्

    अ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable नो

  • अध्वन् + श्रम → अध्वश्रमपरिगतम्

    न् + श्

  • श्रम + परिगत → अध्वश्रमपरिगतम्

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • आम्र + कूट → आम्रकूटः

    अ + क्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • प्रथम + सुकृत → प्रथमसुकृतापेक्षया

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • सुकृत + अपेक्षा → प्रथमसुकृतापेक्षया

    अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable ता

त्वामासारप्रशमित is त्वाम् + आसार, the म् kept before the vowel of आसार. वक्ष्यत्यध्वश्रम is वक्ष्यति + अध्वश्रम, the इ of वक्ष्यति turning to य् before the vowel (यण्). सानुमानाम्रकूटः is सानुमान् + आम्रकूटः, the न् carried across to the vowel. क्षुद्रोऽपि is क्षुद्रः + अपि, the विसर्ग after अ becoming ओ before the voiced अ, which then drops to the अवग्रह ऽ (क्षुद्रोऽपि). पुनर्यस्तथोच्चैः runs पुनः + यः + तथा + उच्चैः: the विसर्ग of पुनः becoming र् before य्, the विसर्ग of यः becoming स् before त्, and तथा + उच्चैः merging अ + उ into ओ.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt

  • त्वाम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम्, अध्वश्रमपरिगतम्

  • साधु द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • मूर्ध्ना तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • सानुमान् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with आम्रकूटः

  • क्षुद्रः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • प्रथमसुकृतापेक्षया तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • संश्रयाय चतुर्थी · dative — सम्प्रदान, the recipient

  • मित्रे सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण — the locative of the absolute construction, not of a place

    with प्राप्ते

    मित्रे and प्राप्ते are both locative, but they name no place. Together they make a locative absolute — a noun and a participle set side by side in the locative to give the circumstance under which the main clause holds: “a friend having come”. Mallinātha spells it out, प्राप्ते आगते सति, “when [a friend] has arrived”, the सति-सप्तमी that Sanskrit uses where English would say “when” or “once”. So the locative here marks an attendant condition, not the location of anything.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.17: prāpta āgate sati; saṃśrayaṇāya

  • विमुखः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • किम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • यः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 6 · औङ आपः

प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 13 · अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

not in the abridgement

  • अ अ 8.4.68← वक्ष्यति; अध्वश्रमपरिगतम्; भवति

आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम्

आसार · प्रशमित · वन · उपप्लव

  1. वनस्य उपप्लवः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the calamity of the forest — Mallinātha names it, दावाग्नि, the wildfire

  2. आसारेण प्रशमितः

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — put out by the downpour

  3. आसारप्रशमितः वनोपप्लवः येन तम्

    बहुव्रीहि — the one by whom it was put out

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to त्वाम्. you, who will have quenched the forest fire with a burst of rain — Mallinātha reduces the whole compound to two words: कृतोपकारम्, one who has done a kindness, which is what the second half of the verse is about

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“tena praśamito vanopaplavo dāvāgniryena tam | kṛtopakāramityarthaḥ”

अध्वश्रमपरिगतम्

अध्वन् · श्रम · परिगत

  1. अध्वनः श्रमः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the tiredness of the road

  2. अध्वश्रमेण परिगतम्

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — overtaken by it

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with त्वाम्. you, gone over entirely by the weariness of travel — Mallinātha glosses परिगतम् as व्याप्तम्, spread through

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“adhva śrameṇa parigataṃ vyāptaṃ tvāṃ”

आम्रकूटः

आम्र · कूट

  1. आम्राः कूटेषु यस्य सः

    बहुव्रीहि — the one with mangoes on its peaks

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to सानुमान्. Āmrakūṭa — Mallinātha gives the vigraha and then says plainly that it is a mountain's name: आम्रकूटो नाम सानुमान् पर्वतः

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“āmrāścūtāḥ kūṭeṣu śikhareṣu yasya sa āmrakūṭo nāma sānumānparvataḥ”

प्रथमसुकृतापेक्षया

प्रथम · सुकृत · अपेक्षा

  1. प्रथमं सुकृतम्

    कर्मधारय — a kindness done earlier

  2. प्रथमसुकृतस्य अपेक्षा

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — and the remembering of it

तत्पुरुष. out of regard for the good turn done him first — Mallinātha glosses पूर्वोपकारपर्यालोचनया, turning the earlier kindness over in the mind

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“prathama sukṛtāpekṣayā pūrvopakāraparyālocanayā”

  • pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    त्वाम्

    printed त्वामासारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवं

    युष्मद्

    you — the object of the carrying, and everything in the first half describes it

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम्

    printed त्वामासारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवं

    उपप्लव

    calamity — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means you, the one who ended it

  • u-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    साधु

    साधु

    well, properly — Mallinātha glosses सम्यक्, and it goes with the carrying rather than with anything carried. The accusative stands as an adverb

  • an-stem masculine, तृतीया एकवचन instrumental singular

    मूर्ध्ना

    मूर्धन्

    on its head — an an-stem, which drops the a in the weak cases: मूर्धन् becomes मूर्ध्न्

  • √वह्, class 1, लृट्, parasmaipada, third person singular

    वक्ष्यति

    printed वक्ष्यत्यध्वश्रमपरिगतं

    √वह्

    will carry — Mallinātha glosses वोढा and names the tense: वहेर्लृट्. The form looks like the future of √वच्, "will say", and is not

    वक्ष्यति, “will carry”, is the future (लृट्) of √वह्, “to carry”, and it is a trap: it looks exactly like the future of √वच्, “to say”, which would also give वक्ष्यति. Mallinātha heads the ambiguity off, glossing वोढा, “a carrier”, and naming the root outright — वहेर्लृट्, “the लृट् of √वह्”. The form comes about because √वह्'s ह् meets the future's स् and the two settle into क्ष्; the reader who reads “will say” here loses the whole picture of the mountain bearing the cloud on its head.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.17: mūrdhnā vakṣyati voḍhā || vaherlṛṭ

  • √गम् + क्त, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    अध्वश्रमपरिगतम्

    printed वक्ष्यत्यध्वश्रमपरिगतं

    परिगत, from परि + √गम्

    gone all over — Mallinātha glosses व्याप्तम्, and the compound says by what: by the tiredness of the road

  • at-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    सानुमान्

    printed सानुमानाम्रकूटः

    सानुमत्

    the one with ridges — a mountain said by what it has, the way शिखरिन् was at 1.13

    सानुमान्, “the ridged one”, names the mountain by what it has: सानु, “a ridge”, with the possessive suffix मतुप् (मत्/वत्), so “ridge-having”. It is the same way of naming a thing by a feature that gave शिखरिन्, “peak-having”, at 1.13 — there the suffix इन्, here मतुप् — and both stand in for a plain noun: the peaked one, the ridged one, each a mountain said by one of its parts. The at-stem declension gives the nominative सानुमान् with its long ā.

    • Bālānandinī (LSK, Telugu) — मतुप् / अत्वन्त पुंलिङ्ग प्रकरणम्; vendor/balanandini-lsk-telugu-ocr.txt

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    आम्रकूटः

    printed सानुमानाम्रकूटः

    कूट

    peak — Amara gives कूट as शिखर, and the compound turns the peaks into the mountain's name

  • अव्यय

    न

    न

    not — it stands a long way from the विमुखः भवति it negates, which is where the sentence turns

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    क्षुद्रः

    printed क्षुद्रोऽपि

    क्षुद्र

    a mean man — Mallinātha glosses कृपणः and cites Yādava, who gives the word poor, stingy and cruel at once

  • अव्यय

    अपि

    printed क्षुद्रोऽपि

    अपि

    even — even a mean one, which is what makes the argument work

  • ā-stem feminine, तृतीया एकवचन instrumental singular

    प्रथमसुकृतापेक्षया

    अपेक्षा

    by regard for — the instrumental of what makes him act

  • a-stem masculine, चतुर्थी एकवचन dative singular

    संश्रयाय

    संश्रय

    for shelter — Mallinātha glosses संश्रयणाय, the dative of what the friend has come for

  • √आप् + क्त, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    प्राप्ते

    प्राप्त, from प्र + √आप्

    having arrived — Mallinātha glosses आगते सति. With मित्रे it makes a locative absolute: "a friend having come"

  • a-stem neuter, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    मित्रे

    मित्र

    a friend — neuter, as Amara has it beside सखा and सुहृद्, which Mallinātha quotes

    संश्रयाय प्राप्ते मित्रे is a locative absolute — a noun and a past participle put together in the locative to say “when” or “once”: “a friend having come for shelter”. Mallinātha reads प्राप्ते as आगते सति, the सति-सप्तमी, and the whole phrase gives the circumstance the maxim turns on. It is the construction 1.18 will use again of the cloud on the peak (त्वयि आरूढे); here it is a friend at the door, and even a mean man does not shut it.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.17: saṃśrayaṇāya prāpta āgate sati

  • √भू, class 1, लट्, parasmaipada, third person singular

    भवति

    √भू

    is — the present of a general truth, which is why the second half reads as a maxim

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    विमुखः

    विमुख

    with his face turned away — the opposite of the उदङ्मुखः of 1.14, and made the same way

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    किम्

    printed किं

    किम्

    what — with पुनः it makes "how much more", which is the whole force of the argument

    किं पुनः, “how much more”, is the hinge of the maxim. The whole second half is an argument from the smaller case to the larger: if even a mean man (क्षुद्रः अपि) does not turn a friend away, then one who stands as high as this mountain — किं पुनः, “how much more”, will not. Mallinātha fills in the ellipsis the phrase leans on: किं पुनर्विमुखो न भवतीति किमु वक्तव्यम्, “what need is there even to say he does not turn away?”. The argument is the figure the verse is built to land.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.17: kiṃ punarvimukho na bhavatīti kimu vaktavyamityarthaḥ

  • अव्यय

    पुनः

    printed पुनर्यस्तथोच्चैः

    पुनर्

    again, further — किं पुनः is a fixed pair: "and how much more so"

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    यः

    printed पुनर्यस्तथोच्चैः

    यद्

    one who — the relative that brings the maxim back to the mountain

  • अव्यय

    तथा

    printed पुनर्यस्तथोच्चैः

    तथा

    so — Mallinātha glosses तेन प्रकारेण, in that manner: as high as this one is

  • अव्यय

    उच्चैः

    printed पुनर्यस्तथोच्चैः

    उच्चैस्

    high — Mallinātha glosses उन्नतः, and the word does both heights at once: the mountain's and the character's

सानुमान् · आम्रकूटः · आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम् · अध्वश्रमपरिगतम् · त्वाम् · साधु · मूर्ध्ना · वक्ष्यति · क्षुद्रः · अपि · संश्रयाय · प्राप्ते · मित्रे · प्रथमसुकृतापेक्षया · विमुखः · न · भवति · यः · तथा · उच्चैः · किम् · पुनः

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”

the dependency structure

वक्ष्यति · क्रिया — will carry; Mallinātha glosses वोढा and names the tense, वहेर्लृट्

आम्रकूटः · कर्ता — Āmrakūṭa, the mountain that will carry you

सानुमान् · the ridged one — in apposition with the mountain

त्वाम् · कर्म — you, the one carried

आसारप्रशमितवनोपप्लवम् · you who quenched the forest fire with a downpour — a bahuvrīhi agreeing with त्वाम्

अध्वश्रमपरिगतम् · gone over by the weariness of the road — agreeing with त्वाम्

साधु · क्रियाविशेषण — well, Mallinātha's सम्यक्, the accusative standing as an adverb

मूर्ध्ना · करण — on its head, the part it carries you with

भवति · the maxim hung beneath: is, becomes — the present of a general truth

क्षुद्रः · कर्ता — even a mean man, Mallinātha's कृपणः

अपि · even — even a mean one, which is what makes the argument work

विमुखः · with his face turned away — the predicate, made like उदङ्मुखः of 1.14

न · not — it negates विमुखः भवति across the whole line

मित्रे · अधिकरण — a friend having, the locative of the absolute construction

प्राप्ते · having come — the participle of the locative absolute

संश्रयाय · संप्रदान — for shelter, the dative of what he has come for

प्रथमसुकृतापेक्षया · करण — out of regard for the kindness done him first

किम् · how much more — the ellipsis, किं पुनः

पुनः · again, further — किं पुनः, and how much more so

यः · one who — the relative that brings the maxim back to the mountain

तथा · so — Mallinātha's तेन प्रकारेण, in that manner

उच्चैः · high — the mountain's height and the character's at once

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī

Āmrakūṭa, the ridged mountain, will carry you well on its head when you come to it worn out by the road, since you will have put out the fire in its forests with a burst of rain. Even a mean man does not turn his face away from a friend who has come to him for shelter, if he remembers the kindness done him first — and how much more one who stands as high as that.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss

Āmrakūṭa, the ridged mountain, will carry you well on its head when you come to it worn out by the road, since you will have put out the fire in its forests with a burst of rain. Even a mean man does not turn his face from a friend who has come to him for shelter, if he remembers the kindness done him first — and how much more one who stands as high as that.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.17, whole-verse gloss

No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.