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मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.23

दशार्ण · the country turned to the rains

पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः केतकैः सूचिभिन्नैः

पा
ण्डु
च्छा
यो
प
व
न
वृ
त
यः
के
त
कैः
सू
चि
भि
न्नैः

नीडारम्भैर्गृहबलिभुजामाकुलग्रामचैत्याः

नी
डा
र
म्भै
र्गृ
ह
ब
लि
भु
जा
मा
कु
ल
ग्रा
म
चै
त्याः

त्वय्यासन्ने परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः

त्व
य्या
स
न्ने
प
रि
ण
त
फ
ल
श्या
म
ज
म्बू
व
ना
न्ताः

सम्पत्स्यन्ते कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसा दशार्णाः

स
म्प
त्स्य
न्ते
क
ति
प
य
दि
न
स्था
यि
हं
सा
द
शा
र्णाः

pāda a

  • पाguruits long vowel आ
  • ण्डुguruthe conjunct च्छ that follows it
  • च्छाguruits long vowel आ
  • योguruits long vowel ओ
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वृlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यःguruthe visarga it carries
  • केguruits long vowel ए
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कैःguruthe visarga it carries
  • सूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • चिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भिguruthe conjunct न्न that follows it
  • न्नैःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside the compound पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः

pāda b

  • नीguruits long vowel ई
  • डाguruits long vowel आ
  • रguruthe conjunct म्भ that follows it
  • म्भैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • र्गृlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • बlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जाguruits long vowel आ
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • कुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लguruthe conjunct ग्र that follows it
  • ग्राguruits long vowel आ
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • चैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • त्याःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside the compound नीडारम्भैः
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound गृहबलिभुजाम्

pāda c

  • त्वguruthe conjunct य्य that follows it
  • य्याguruits long vowel आ
  • सguruthe conjunct न्न that follows it
  • न्नेguruits long vowel ए
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • फlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लguruthe conjunct श्य that follows it
  • श्याguruits long vowel आ
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जguruthe conjunct म्ब that follows it
  • म्बूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नाguruits long vowel आ
  • न्ताःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — त्वय्यासन्ने
  • yati after 10 — a compound member ends here, inside परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः

pāda d

  • सguruthe conjunct म्प that follows it
  • म्पguruthe conjunct त्स्य that follows it
  • त्स्यguruthe conjunct न्त that follows it
  • न्तेguruits long vowel ए
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नguruthe conjunct स्थ that follows it
  • स्थाguruits long vowel आ
  • यिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • दlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शाguruits long vowel आ
  • र्णाःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — सम्पत्स्यन्ते
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः

  • नीडारम्भैः + गृहबलिभुजाम् → नीडारम्भैर्गृहबलिभुजामाकुलग्रामचैत्याः

    ः + ग्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • गृहबलिभुजाम् + आकुलग्रामचैत्याः → नीडारम्भैर्गृहबलिभुजामाकुलग्रामचैत्याः

    म् + आ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • त्वयि + आसन्ने → त्वय्यासन्ने

    इ + आ

  • कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः + दशार्णाः → कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसा

    ः + द्

  • पाण्डु + छाया → पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः

    उ + छ्

  • छाया + उपवन → पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः

    आ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable यो

  • उपवन + वृति → पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः

    अ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • सूचि + भिन्न → सूचिभिन्नैः

    इ + भ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • नीड + आरम्भ → नीडारम्भैः

    अ + आ → आ · falls inside the syllable डा

  • गृह + बलि → गृहबलिभुजाम्

    अ + ब्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • बलि + भुज् → गृहबलिभुजाम्

    इ + भ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • आकुल + ग्राम → आकुलग्रामचैत्याः

    अ + ग्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • ग्राम + चैत्य → आकुलग्रामचैत्याः

    अ + च्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • परिणत + फल → परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः

    अ + फ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • फल + श्याम → परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः

    अ + श्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • श्याम + जम्बू → परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः

    अ + ज्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • जम्बू + वन → परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः

    ऊ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • वन + अन्त → परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः

    अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable ना

  • कतिपय + दिन → कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः

    अ + द्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • दिन + स्थायिन् → कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • स्थायिन् + हंस → कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः

    न् + ह्

त्वय्यासन्ने shows यण्: the इ of त्वयि cannot stand before the unlike vowel आ, so it turns to its semivowel य् and doubles — त्वयि + आसन्ने gives त्वय्यासन्ने (इको यणचि). नीडारम्भैर्गृहबलिभुजाम् shows the other common join at a word's edge: the visarga of नीडारम्भैः, which is a रु at bottom, comes before the voiced ग् and shows as र्. गृहबलिभुजामाकुल keeps the word-final म् unchanged before the vowel आ. Inside the compounds the vowels run together — पाण्डु + छाया doubles the छ् (पाण्डुच्छाया), and छाया + उपवन and वन + अन्त each fuse to a single long vowel.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt

  • केतकैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

    with सूचिभिन्नैः

  • नीडारम्भैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • गृहबलिभुजाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • त्वयि सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • आसन्ने सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • दशार्णाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः, आकुलग्रामचैत्याः, परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः, कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

  • हलन्त्यम् 1.3.3← सम्पत्स्यन्ते
  • तस्य लोपः 1.3.9← पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः; केतकैः; सूचिभिन्नैः; नीडारम्भैः; आकुलग्रामचैत्याः; आसन्ने; परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः; सम्पत्स्यन्ते; कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः; दशार्णाः
  • सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् 1.4.14← सूचिभिन्नैः; आसन्ने; सम्पत्स्यन्ते

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

प्रकरण 48 · शेषे

प्रकरण 59 · इवे प्रतिकृतौ

not in the abridgement

  • अ अ 8.4.68← आसन्ने; सम्पत्स्यन्ते

पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः

पाण्डु · छाया · उपवन · वृति

  1. पाण्डुः छाया यासां ताः

    बहुव्रीहि — the ones whose colour is pale

  2. उपवनानां वृतयः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the hedges of the gardens

  3. पाण्डुच्छायाः उपवनवृतयः येषु ते

    बहुव्रीहि — the country in which those hedges stand

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to दशार्णाः. the land whose garden hedges have gone pale — Amara gives वृति as the last in a row of words for a wall, the one that is a thorn fence rather than masonry, and Mallinātha glosses it कण्टकशाखावरण

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“pāṇḍucchāyā haritavarṇā upavanānāṃ vṛtayaḥ kaṇṭakaśākhāvaraṇā yeṣu te tathoktāḥ”

सूचिभिन्नैः

सूचि · भिन्न

  1. सूचिषु भिन्नैः

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — split at the needle-points

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with केतकैः. opened at their needle-tips — Śabdārṇava gives सूचि as the ketakī's bud-point, so the compound is precise rather than figurative: Mallinātha glosses भिन्नैः as विकसितैः, opened out

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“sūcibhinnaiḥ sūciṣu mukulāgreṣu bhinnairvikasitaiḥ || “ketakī mukulāgreṣu sūciḥ syāt” iti śabdārṇave”

नीडारम्भैः

नीड · आरम्भ

  1. नीडानाम् आरम्भाः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the beginning of nests

तत्पुरुष. nest-building just started — Mallinātha glosses कुलायनिर्माणैः. The rains are the season birds build in, so the nests are how the country says the rains have come

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“nīḍārambhaiḥ kulāya nirmāṇaiḥ || “kulāyo nīḍamastriyām” ityamaraḥ”

गृहबलिभुजाम्

गृह · बलि · भुज्

  1. गृहस्य बलिः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the household's food-offering

  2. गृहबलिं भुञ्जते इति गृहबलिभुजः

    तत्पुरुष (accusative) — the ones that eat it

तत्पुरुष. the birds that live off what is put out at the door — Mallinātha glosses काकादिग्रामपक्षिणाम्, crows and the rest of the village birds. The compound names them by the one thing that ties them to a house

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“gṛhabalibhujāṃ kākādigrāmapakṣiṇāṃ”

आकुलग्रामचैत्याः

आकुल · ग्राम · चैत्य

  1. ग्रामेषु चैत्याः

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — the sacred trees in the villages

  2. आकुलाः ग्रामचैत्याः येषु ते

    बहुव्रीहि — the country whose village trees are crowded

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to दशार्णाः. villages whose holy trees are full of them — Mallinātha glosses आकुल as सङ्कीर्ण, packed, and चैत्य as रथ्यावृक्ष, the tree standing at the crossroads

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“ākulāni saṅkīrṇāni grāmeṣu caityāni yeṣu te tathoktāḥ”

परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः

परिणत · फल · श्याम · जम्बू · वन · अन्त

  1. परिणतानि फलानि

    कर्मधारय — fruit, and it is ripe

  2. परिणतफलैः श्यामानि

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — dark with it

  3. श्यामानि जम्बूवनानि

    कर्मधारय — the rose-apple woods, and they are dark

  4. जम्बूवनैः अन्ताः

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — made lovely by them

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to दशार्णाः. a country made lovely by rose-apple woods gone black with ripe fruit — Mallinātha takes अन्त in the sense Śabdārṇava gives it, रम्य, lovely, rather than as an edge or an end

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“pariṇataiḥ pakvaiḥ phalaiḥ śyāmāni yāni jambūvanāni tairantā ramyāḥ || “mṛtāvavasite ramye samāptāvanta iṣyate” iti śabdārṇave”

कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः

कतिपय · दिन · स्थायिन् · हंस

  1. कतिपयानि दिनानि

    कर्मधारय — a few days

  2. कतिपयदिनेषु स्थायिनः

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — staying only that long

  3. कतिपयदिनस्थायिनः हंसाः येषु ते

    बहुव्रीहि — the country where they are still staying

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to दशार्णाः. with the geese there for a few days more — the rains send them north to Mānasa, so the compound is a clock: this is the last week you would see them

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“katipayeṣveva dineṣu sthāyino haṃsā yeṣu te tathoktā”

  • i-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः

    वृति

    a fence — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the country, not the fences. वृति is feminine as a noun and masculine here, taking the gender of the दशार्णाः the compound describes

  • a-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    केतकैः

    केतक

    by the screwpine flowers — Mallinātha glosses केतकीकुसुमैः. It is the flower whose smell means the rains have started

  • √भिद् + क्त, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    सूचिभिन्नैः

    भिन्न, from √भिद्

    split open — Mallinātha glosses विकसितैः, opened out into flower

    सूचिभिन्नैः, “split at the needle-tips”, is precise rather than figurative. सूचि ordinarily means a needle, but Śabdārṇava gives it a second sense that Mallinātha quotes — the pointed bud-tip of the ketakī, the screwpine — so सूचिषु भिन्नैः is “split open at the bud-points”, and Mallinātha glosses भिन्नैः as विकसितैः, opened out into flower. The screwpine's sharp scent is one of the signs that the rains have started, so the pale, split-open flower is the country announcing the season.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.23: sūcibhinnaiḥ sūciṣu mukulāgreṣu bhinnairvikasitaiḥ || “ketakī mukulāgreṣu sūciḥ syāt” iti śabdārṇave

  • a-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    नीडारम्भैः

    printed नीडारम्भैर्गृहबलिभुजामाकुलग्रामचैत्याः

    आरम्भ

    beginnings — and the compound says of what: of nests

  • j-stem masculine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural

    गृहबलिभुजाम्

    printed नीडारम्भैर्गृहबलिभुजामाकुलग्रामचैत्याः

    भुज्

    eaters — a bare root used as a noun, as मुच् was at 1.21. It is a root standing as a noun at the end of a compound

    गृहबलिभुजाम् ends in भुज्, a bare root standing as a noun — “eaters” — the same use that put मुच् at the end of a compound at 1.21. Because it is a root and not a stem, the generator builds no declension table for it. The whole word names the birds by the one thing that ties them to a house: they eat the गृहबलि, the food-offering set out at the door. Mallinātha glosses काकादिग्रामपक्षिणाम्, crows and the rest of the village birds.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.23: gṛhabalibhujāṃ kākādigrāmapakṣiṇāṃ

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    आकुलग्रामचैत्याः

    printed नीडारम्भैर्गृहबलिभुजामाकुलग्रामचैत्याः

    चैत्य

    the tree at the crossroads — Viśva gives चैत्य a shrine, a Buddhist stūpa, and a tree that marks a place, and Mallinātha takes the third: रथ्यावृक्षाः

  • pronoun, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    त्वयि

    printed त्वय्यासन्ने

    युष्मद्

    you having — the locative absolute again, as at 1.18

  • √सद् + क्त, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    आसन्ने

    printed त्वय्यासन्ने

    आसन्न, from आ + √सद्

    come near — Mallinātha glosses सन्निकृष्टे सति, once you are close. The whole verse hangs on this one absolute: it is what the country will be like when you get there

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः

    अन्त

    lovely — the word usually means an end or an edge, and Śabdārṇava's line, which Mallinātha quotes, gives it this fourth sense as well

    The last word of this compound, अन्त, usually means an edge or an end, and reading it so would give “the woods at the borders”. Mallinātha takes it in a fourth sense instead — रम्य, lovely — and cites the line of Śabdārṇava that lists it: अन्त means a death, a settled thing, something lovely, and a finish. So the compound is “a country made lovely by rose-apple woods gone black with ripe fruit”, and the darkness of the fruit-laden woods is beauty, not a boundary.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.23: tairantā ramyāḥ || “mṛtāvavasite ramye samāptāvanta iṣyate” iti śabdārṇave

  • √पद्, class 4, लृट्, atmanepada, third person plural

    सम्पत्स्यन्ते

    √पद् with सम्

    will become — Mallinātha glosses भविष्यन्ति. The whole stanza is one sentence with this at the end of it, and everything before it describes the state the country arrives at

    सम्पत्स्यन्ते, “will become”, is the future लृट् of सम् + √पद्, in the ātmanepada that √पद् always takes. Mallinātha glosses it भविष्यन्ति. It is the one finite verb of the verse, and it holds a long sentence together: the four bahuvrīhi compounds — पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः, आकुलग्रामचैत्याः, परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः, कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः — are all nominative, agreeing with दशार्णाः, and they say not what the country is but what it will have become by the time the cloud arrives.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.23: sampatsyante bhaviṣyanti

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः

    printed कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसा

    हंस

    geese — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the country they are still in

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    दशार्णाः

    दशार्ण

    the Daśārṇas — Mallinātha says it is the name of a people and their country, and the plural is the country said as its people

त्वयि · आसन्ने · दशार्णाः · सूचिभिन्नैः · केतकैः · पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः · गृहबलिभुजाम् · नीडारम्भैः · आकुलग्रामचैत्याः · परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः · कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः · सम्पत्स्यन्ते

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”

the dependency structure

सम्पत्स्यन्ते · क्रिया — will become; Mallinātha glosses भविष्यन्ति. The whole stanza is one sentence with this at its end, and everything before it is the state the country arrives at

त्वयि · सप्तमी — you having; a locative absolute, as at 1.18

आसन्ने · come near — Mallinātha glosses सन्निकृष्टे सति, once you are close. The verse hangs on this one absolute: it is what the country will be like when you get there

दशार्णाः · कर्ता — the Daśārṇas, a people named as their country; the plural subject the four descriptions all agree with

पाण्डुच्छायोपवनवृतयः · with garden hedges gone pale — a bahuvrīhi describing the country, one of the four states it becomes

केतकैः · करण — with the screwpine flowers, what turns the hedges pale

सूचिभिन्नैः · split at the needle-tips — agreeing with the screwpine, the buds opened out into flower

आकुलग्रामचैत्याः · with village trees crowded — a bahuvrīhi describing the country

नीडारम्भैः · करण — with the nest-beginnings that crowd the trees

गृहबलिभुजाम् · षष्ठी — of the birds that live off what is put out at the door

परिणतफलश्यामजम्बूवनान्ताः · made lovely by rose-apple woods black with ripe fruit — a bahuvrīhi describing the country

कतिपयदिनस्थायिहंसाः · with the geese there a few days more — a bahuvrīhi describing the country

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī

Once you are near, the Daśārṇa country will have its garden hedges gone pale with screwpine split open at the needle-tips; its village trees crowded with the beginnings of nests, built by the birds that live off what is put out at doors; its borders made lovely by rose-apple woods black with ripe fruit; and its geese still there, for a few days more.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss

Once you are near, the Daśārṇa country will have its garden hedges gone pale with screwpine split open at the needle-tips; its village trees crowded with the beginnings of nests, built by the birds that live off what is put out at doors; its borders made lovely by rose-apple woods black with ripe fruit; and its geese still there, for a few days more before the rains send them north.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.23, whole-verse gloss

No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.