printलघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी — practise the grammar

मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.6

रामगिरि · the cloud's lineage

जातं वंशे भुवनविदिते पुष्करावर्तकानां

जा
तं
वं
शे
भु
व
न
वि
दि
ते
पु
ष्क
रा
व
र्त
का
नां

जानामि त्वां प्रकृतिपुरुषं कामरूपं मघोनः

जा
ना
मि
त्वां
प्र
कृ
ति
पु
रु
षं
का
म
रू
पं
म
घो
नः

तेनार्थित्वं त्वयि विधिवशाद्दूरबन्धुर्गतोऽहं

ते
ना
र्थि
त्वं
त्व
यि
वि
धि
व
शा
द्दू
र
ब
न्धु
र्ग
तो
ऽहं

याच्ञा मोघा वरमधिगुणे नाधमे लब्धकामा

या
च्ञा
मो
घा
व
र
म
धि
गु
णे
ना
ध
मे
ल
ब्ध
का
मा

pāda a

  • जाguruits long vowel आ
  • तंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • वंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • शेguruits long vowel ए
  • भुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तेguruits long vowel ए
  • पुguruthe conjunct ष्क that follows it
  • ष्कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • राguruits long vowel आ
  • वguruthe conjunct र्त that follows it
  • र्तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • नांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — वंशे
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — भुवनविदिते

pāda b

  • जाguruits long vowel आ
  • नाguruits long vowel आ
  • मिguruthe conjunct त्व that follows it
  • त्वांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कृlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • षंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • पंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • घोguruits long vowel ओ
  • नःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — त्वां
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — प्रकृतिपुरुषं

pāda c

  • तेguruits long vowel ए
  • नाguruits long vowel आ
  • र्थिguruthe conjunct त्व that follows it
  • त्वंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • त्वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • धिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शाguruits long vowel आ
  • द्दूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • बguruthe conjunct न्ध that follows it
  • न्धुguruthe conjunct र्ग that follows it
  • र्गlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तोguruits long vowel ओ
  • ऽहंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — तेनार्थित्वं
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound विधिवशात्

pāda d

  • याguruits long vowel आ
  • च्ञाguruits long vowel आ
  • मोguruits long vowel ओ
  • घाguruits long vowel आ
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • धिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • गुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णेguruits long vowel ए
  • नाguruits long vowel आ
  • धlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मेguruits long vowel ए
  • लguruthe conjunct ब्ध that follows it
  • ब्धlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — मोघा
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — वरमधिगुणे

The joins to see are two vowel merges and a run. तेन + अर्थित्वम् → तेनार्थित्वं and न + अधमे → नाधमे both merge अ + अ into a single long आ. In the third pāda four words fuse into one printed run, विधिवशाद्दूरबन्धुर्गतोऽहं: विधिवशात् voices its final त् to द् before द्, दूरबन्धुः turns its visarga to र् before the voiced ग्, and गतः + अहम् makes गतोऽहं — the visarga and अ become ओ, and the अ of अहम् drops, marked by the avagraha ऽ. Every म् at a word’s end becomes anusvāra before the next consonant, as in जातं वंशे.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt

  • जातम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • वंशे सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

    with भुवनविदिते

  • पुष्करावर्तकानाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • त्वाम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with प्रकृतिपुरुषम्, कामरूपम्

  • मघोनः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • तेन तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • अर्थित्वम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • त्वयि सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • विधिवशात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure

  • गतः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • अहम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with दूरबन्धुः

  • याच्ञा प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with लब्धकामा

  • मोघा प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • अधमे सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 13 · अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः

प्रकरण 15 · दिवादिभ्यः श्यन्

प्रकरण 19 · तनादिभ्यस्तथासोः

प्रकरण 20 · क्र्यादिभ्यः श्ना

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

not in the abridgement

भुवनविदिते

भुवन · विदित

  1. भुवनेषु विदितः

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — known in the worlds

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with वंशे. known everywhere

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“bhuvaneṣu vidite bhuvanavidite”

पुष्करावर्तकानाम्

पुष्कर · आवर्तक

  1. पुष्कराश्च आवर्तकाश्च तेषाम्

    द्वन्द्व — of the Puṣkaras and the Āvartakas

द्वन्द्व. of the two clans reckoned the best of clouds

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“puṣkarāścāvartakāśca kecinmeghānāṃ śreṣṭhāḥ”

प्रकृतिपुरुषम्

प्रकृति · पुरुष

  1. प्रकृतेः पुरुषः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the man of the establishment — its principal officer

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with त्वाम्. Indra’s chief officer

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī (gloss); the vigraha is the reader’s“prakṛtipuruṣaṃ pradhānapuruṣaṃ”

कामरूपम्

काम · रूप

  1. कामः रूपं यस्य तम्

    बहुव्रीहि — [one] whose shape is as he wishes

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to त्वाम्. taking whatever shape you please

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kāmarūpamicchādhīnavigraham”

विधिवशात्

विधि · वश

  1. विधेः वशः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the force of fate

तत्पुरुष. by what fate holds in its power

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“vidhivaśāddaivāyattatvāt”

दूरबन्धुः

दूर · बन्धु

  1. दूरे बन्धुः यस्य सः

    बहुव्रीहि — [the man] whose kin is far away

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to अहम्. parted from my wife, is what he means

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“dūre bandhuryasya sa dūrabandhurviyuktabhāryo’ham”

अधिगुणे

अधि · गुण

  1. अधिकः गुणः यस्य तस्मिन्

    बहुव्रीहि — [in a man] whose merit is greater

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to पुंसि. in a man of surpassing worth — the man is not in the verse at all; Mallinātha writes in पुंसि to stand for him

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“adhiguṇe’dhikaguṇe puṃsi viṣaye”

लब्धकामा

लब्ध · कामा

  1. लब्धः कामः यया सा

    बहुव्रीहि — [a request] by which its object was obtained

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to याच्ञा. a request that got what it asked for

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“yācñā labdhakāmāpi saphalāpi na varam”

  • √जन् + क्त, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    जातम्

    printed जातं

    जात, from √जन्

    born — a past participle in an active sense, agreeing with त्वाम्

  • a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    वंशे

    वंश

    in the line, the family — the locative of where one is born

  • √विद् + क्त, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    भुवनविदिते

    विदित, from √विद्

    known — and the compound says to whom: to the worlds

  • a-stem masculine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural

    पुष्करावर्तकानाम्

    printed पुष्करावर्तकानां

    आवर्तक

    of the Āvartakas — with the Puṣkaras, the two clans of rain-cloud

  • √ज्ञा, class 9, लट्, parasmaipada, first person singular

    जानामि

    √ज्ञा

    I know — the ninth class, which inserts ना before the ending

    जानामि, “I know”, from √ज्ञा “to know”. √ज्ञा is a ninth-class root (क्र्यादि), and the ninth class is the one that puts ना between the root and the ending: ज्ञा + ना + मि, with the root shortened to ज. This is the first ninth-class verb in the poem, and the ना is the whole mark of the class.

    • Bālānandinī (LSK, Telugu) — क्र्यादि / नवमगण प्रकरणम्; vendor/balanandini-lsk-telugu-ocr.txt

  • pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    त्वाम्

    printed त्वां

    त्वद्

    you

  • a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    प्रकृतिपुरुषम्

    printed प्रकृतिपुरुषं

    पुरुष

    the man — and the compound makes him the principal one

  • a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    कामरूपम्

    printed कामरूपं

    रूप

    form, shape — here inside a bahuvrīhi, so it describes the cloud

  • an-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    मघोनः

    मघवन्

    of Maghavan — Indra, whose officer the cloud is. The stem changes shape in the weak cases, मघवन् giving मघोनः, and no generated table has it. मघवन् is irregular in the weak cases

    मघोनः, “of Maghavan”, a name of Indra. The stem is मघवन्, an an-stem (ending in the consonant न्), and it is irregular: in the weak cases the middle syllable collapses and वन् gives ओन्, so the genitive singular is मघोनः, not the मघवनः a regular an-stem would give. The paradigm generator does not build it, so the word carries no table.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.6: maghonaḥ, maghavan iti indrasya nāma

  • pronoun, तृतीया एकवचन instrumental singular

    तेन

    printed तेनार्थित्वं

    तद्

    by that — Mallinātha reads it as the reason: because you are all this

  • a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    अर्थित्वम्

    printed तेनार्थित्वं

    अर्थित्व

    the state of being a suppliant — the suffix त्व makes an abstract noun of it

  • pronoun, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    त्वयि

    त्वद्

    towards you

  • a-stem masculine, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular

    विधिवशात्

    printed विधिवशाद्दूरबन्धुर्गतोऽहं

    वश

    by the force of — the ablative that gives a reason

  • u-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    दूरबन्धुः

    printed विधिवशाद्दूरबन्धुर्गतोऽहं

    बन्धु

    kinsman — the compound turns it into "one whose kin are far off"

  • √गम् + क्त, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    गतः

    printed विधिवशाद्दूरबन्धुर्गतोऽहं

    गत, from √गम्

    gone, come to — with अर्थित्वम् it is "I have come to asking"

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    अहम्

    printed विधिवशाद्दूरबन्धुर्गतोऽहं

    अस्मद्

    I

  • ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    याच्ञा

    याच्ञा

    a request, the asking itself

  • ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    मोघा

    मोघा

    fruitless — agreeing with याच्ञा

  • अव्यय

    वरम्

    printed वरमधिगुणे

    वरम्

    better — Amara notes that in the neuter it means "a little dear", which is exactly the force here: not good, but the better of two

    वरम्, “better”, is here an indeclinable, not the noun वर “boon”. Mallinātha cites Amara that in the neuter वरम् carries the sense “rather, the preferable of two”, which is exactly the maxim: a fruitless request to a worthy man is preferable to a granted one to a base man. The whole fourth line is a general truth (arthāntaranyāsa) laid under the personal plea.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.6: varam ity avyayam; daivāt … iti amaraḥ

  • a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    अधिगुणे

    printed वरमधिगुणे

    अधिगुण

    in one of surpassing merit — the man himself is not named

    अधिगुणे, “in a man of surpassing worth”, is a bahuvrīhi — a compound that describes something outside itself — but the thing it describes, the man, is nowhere in the verse. Mallinātha supplies पुंसि, “in a man”, to stand for it, so the locative अधिगुणे has a word to agree with. A request made to such a man, even if it fails, is worth more than one a worthless man grants.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.6: adhiguṇe puṃsi, adhikaguṇe

  • अव्यय

    न

    printed नाधमे

    न

    not

  • a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    अधमे

    printed नाधमे

    अधम

    in a base one — Mallinātha glosses निर्गुणे, a man with no merit at all

  • ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    लब्धकामा

    कामा

    desire — inside a bahuvrīhi, so it describes the request that got what it wanted

भुवनविदिते · पुष्करावर्तकानाम् · वंशे · जातम् · मघोनः · प्रकृतिपुरुषम् · कामरूपम् · त्वाम् · जानामि · तेन · विधिवशात् · दूरबन्धुः · अहम् · त्वयि · अर्थित्वम् · गतः · अधिगुणे · मोघा · याच्ञा · वरम् · अधमे · लब्धकामा · न

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”

the dependency structure

जानामि · क्रिया — the verb the sentence turns on

त्वाम् · कर्म — you, the cloud he addresses

जातम् · born — a past participle agreeing with त्वाम्

वंशे · अधिकरण — in the line one is born into

भुवनविदिते · known through the worlds — agreeing with वंशे

पुष्करावर्तकानाम् · of the Puṣkaras and Āvartakas

प्रकृतिपुरुषम् · chief officer — agreeing with त्वाम्

मघोनः · of Maghavan, Indra

कामरूपम् · taking any shape you please — a bahuvrīhi describing त्वाम्

गतः · come to — the second sentence, hung beneath the verb

अहम् · कर्ता — I

दूरबन्धुः · my kin far off — a bahuvrīhi describing अहम्

अर्थित्वम् · कर्म — to the state of a suppliant

त्वयि · towards you

तेन · हेतु — for that reason

विधिवशात् · हेतु — by the force of fate

याच्ञा · the general truth, hung beneath the verb: a request

मोघा · fruitless — agreeing with याच्ञा

अधिगुणे · अधिकरण — in a man of worth

वरम् · is the better

लब्धकामा · one that got what it asked — a bahuvrīhi describing याच्ञा

अधमे · अधिकरण — in a base man

न · is not

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī

Three sentences under one verb. जानामि त्वाम्, “I know you” — and everything from जातम् to कामरूपम् is what he knows you to be. Then तेन … गतः, “for that reason I have come to asking you”, hung beneath the verb as its second thought. Then the maxim of the fourth line, अधिगुणे मोघा याच्ञा वरम्, न अधमे लब्धकामा. The tree roots at जानामि and hangs the plea and the maxim below it.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.6, anvaya order

I know you: born in the line of the Puṣkaras and Āvartakas, known through the worlds, taking any shape you please, chief officer to Indra. That is why, my kin far off and fate having its way with me, I have come to asking you. A request that comes to nothing is better made to a man of worth than one granted by a worthless man.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss

I know you: born in the line of the Puṣkaras and Āvartakas, known through all the worlds, taking whatever shape you please, chief officer to Indra. That is why — my kin far off, and fate having its way with me — I have come to begging you. A request that comes to nothing is better made to a man of worth than one granted by a worthless man.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.6, whole-verse gloss

प्रेयस् — the saying of something dearer — a compliment made part of the poem’s work rather than added as ornament

The whole first half is praise, and it is not idle: it is the reason the request is worth making at all, which the fourth line then states as a general rule. Mallinātha quotes Daṇḍin for the figure and says it is animated by the arthāntaranyāsa under it.

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“arthāntaranyāsānuprāṇitaḥ preyo’laṅkāraḥ | taduktaṃ daṇḍinā “preyaḥ priyatarākhyānam” iti”