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मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.11

रामगिरि · the geese to Kailāsa

कर्तुं यच्च प्रभवति महीमुच्छिलीन्ध्रामवन्ध्यां

क
र्तुं
य
च्च
प्र
भ
व
ति
म
ही
मु
च्छि
ली
न्ध्रा
म
व
न्ध्यां

तच्छ्रुत्वा ते श्रवणसुभगं गर्जितं मानसोत्काः

त
च्छ्रु
त्वा
ते
श्र
व
ण
सु
भ
गं
ग
र्जि
तं
मा
न
सो
त्काः

आ कैलासाद्बिसकिसलयच्छेदपाथेयवन्तः

आ
कै
ला
सा
द्बि
स
कि
स
ल
य
च्छे
द
पा
थे
य
व
न्तः

सम्पत्स्यन्ते नभसि भवतो राजहंसाः सहायाः

स
म्प
त्स्य
न्ते
न
भ
सि
भ
व
तो
रा
ज
हं
साः
स
हा
याः

alternate reading महीमुच्छिलीन्ध्रातपत्रां — for the end of pāda a, from syllable 9. Shown, not analysed.

pāda a

  • कguruthe conjunct र्त that follows it
  • र्तुंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • यguruthe conjunct च्च that follows it
  • च्चguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हीguruits long vowel ई
  • मुguruthe conjunct च्छ that follows it
  • च्छिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लीguruits long vowel ई
  • न्ध्राguruits long vowel आ
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वguruthe conjunct न्ध्य that follows it
  • न्ध्यांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — यच्च
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside महीम्

pāda b

  • तguruthe conjunct च्छ्र that follows it
  • च्छ्रुguruthe conjunct त्व that follows it
  • त्वाguruits long vowel आ
  • तेguruits long vowel ए
  • श्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • गंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • गguruthe conjunct र्ज that follows it
  • र्जिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सोguruits long vowel ओ
  • त्काःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — ते
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — श्रवणसुभगं

pāda c

  • आguruits long vowel आ
  • कैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • लाguruits long vowel आ
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • द्बिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • किlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यguruthe conjunct च्छ that follows it
  • च्छेguruits long vowel ए
  • दlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पाguruits long vowel आ
  • थेguruits long vowel ए
  • यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वguruthe conjunct न्त that follows it
  • न्तःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside a word
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside a word

pāda d

  • सguruthe conjunct म्प that follows it
  • म्पguruthe conjunct त्स्य that follows it
  • त्स्यguruthe conjunct न्त that follows it
  • न्तेguruits long vowel ए
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तोguruits long vowel ओ
  • राguruits long vowel आ
  • जlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • साःguruthe visarga it carries
  • सlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हाguruits long vowel आ
  • याःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — सम्पत्स्यन्ते
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — भवतो

Two joins here show the palatal series at work. यच्च is यत् + च: the dental त् becomes the palatal च् before च् (श्चुत्व). तच्छ्रुत्वा is तत् + श्रुत्वा: again त् turns palatal before श्, and the श् itself becomes छ् (श्चुत्व, then छत्व), so the two words fuse to तच्छ्रुत्वा. आ कैलासाद्बिसकिसलय is कैलासात् + बिस: the final त् is voiced to द् before the voiced ब्. भवतो राजहंसाः is भवतः + राजहंसाः, the visarga after अ becoming ओ before the voiced र्. Before a vowel म् stays म्, as in महीमुच्छिलीन्ध्राम्.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt

  • यत् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • महीम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • उच्छिलीन्ध्राम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • अवन्ध्याम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • तत् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • ते षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • गर्जितम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with श्रवणसुभगम्

  • कैलासात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure

  • नभसि सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • भवतः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • राजहंसाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with मानसोत्काः, बिसकिसलयच्छेदपाथेयवन्तः

  • सहायाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

  • ससजुषो रुः 8.2.66← मानसोत्काः; बिसकिसलयच्छेदपाथेयवन्तः; भवतः; राजहंसाः; सहायाः

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 16 · स्वादिभ्यः श्नुः

प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्

प्रकरण 48 · शेषे

प्रकरण 59 · इवे प्रतिकृतौ

not in the abridgement

श्रवणसुभगम्

श्रवण · सुभग

  1. श्रवणयोः सुभगम्

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — lovely to the ears

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with गर्जितम्. good to hear

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“śravaṇasubhagaṃ śrotrasukham”

मानसोत्काः

मानस · उत्क

  1. मानसे उत्काः

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — longing for Mānasa — the lake in the Himālaya the geese return to

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with राजहंसाः. their minds already on Lake Mānasa

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“mānasotkā mānase sarasyunmanasaḥ”

बिसकिसलयच्छेदपाथेयवन्तः

बिस · किसलय · छेद · पाथेयवत्

  1. बिसानां किसलयानि

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the young shoots of lotus fibre

  2. बिसकिसलयानां छेदाः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — bits broken off them

  3. बिसकिसलयच्छेदाः पाथेयं येषां ते

    बहुव्रीहि — [the geese] whose provisions are those bits

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to राजहंसाः. carrying snapped-off lotus shoots as food for the road

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“bisakisalayānāṃ mṛṇālāgrāṇāṃ chedaiḥ śakalaiḥ pātheyavantaḥ”

राजहंसाः

राजन् · हंस

  1. राजा हंसः

    कर्मधारय — the royal goose — a kind, not a rank

कर्मधारय. the red-billed geese

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“rājahaṃsā haṃsaviśeṣāḥ”

  • √कृ + तुमुन्

    कर्तुम्

    printed कर्तुं

    कर्तुम्, from √कृ

    to make — the infinitive that goes with प्रभवति, "is able to"

    कर्तुम्, “to make”, is the infinitive of √कृ — the suffix तुमुन् on the root. It goes with प्रभवति, “is able”: प्र + √भू in the sense “to be equal to, to be able”, and a verb of ability takes the infinitive to say what one is able to do. So कर्तुम् प्रभवति is “is able to make”. This is the first तुमुन् infinitive in the poem to stand with a verb of capacity, and the pair कर्तुम् प्रभवति is the frame to learn: the deed in the infinitive, the power in the finite verb.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.11: kartuṃ prabhavati śaknoti

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    यत्

    printed यच्च

    यद्

    which — the relative, picking up the thunder of the next line

  • अव्यय

    च

    printed यच्च

    च

    and

  • √भू, class 1, लट्, parasmaipada, third person singular

    प्रभवति

    √भू

    is able — प्र + √भू, and it takes the infinitive

  • ī-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    महीम्

    printed महीमुच्छिलीन्ध्रामवन्ध्यां

    मही

    the earth — an ī-stem feminine

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    उच्छिलीन्ध्राम्

    printed महीमुच्छिलीन्ध्रामवन्ध्यां

    उच्छिलीन्ध्रा

    with mushrooms sprung up — Mallinātha glosses उद्भूतकन्दलिकाम्

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    अवन्ध्याम्

    printed महीमुच्छिलीन्ध्रामवन्ध्यां

    अवन्ध्या

    not barren, fruitful — Mallinātha glosses सफलाम्

  • pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    तत्

    printed तच्छ्रुत्वा

    तद्

    that — the thunder

  • √श्रु + क्त्वा

    श्रुत्वा

    printed तच्छ्रुत्वा

    श्रुत्वा, from √श्रु

    having heard — the earlier of the two things the geese do

  • pronoun, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    ते

    त्वद्

    your

  • a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    श्रवणसुभगम्

    printed श्रवणसुभगं

    सुभग

    lovely — and the compound says to what: to the ear

  • a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    गर्जितम्

    printed गर्जितं

    गर्जित

    the thunder — a past participle used as a noun, "what has been roared"

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    मानसोत्काः

    उत्क

    longing — and the compound says for what: for Lake Mānasa

  • अव्यय, governing the ablative

    आ

    आ

    as far as — the preposition that governs कैलासात्

  • a-stem masculine, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular

    कैलासात्

    printed आ कैलासाद्

    कैलास

    from — with आ it means "all the way to Kailāsa"

  • at-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    बिसकिसलयच्छेदपाथेयवन्तः

    पाथेयवत्

    provisioned — the suffix वत् makes "having provisions for the road". A stem in वत् declines as an at-stem

    बिसकिसलयच्छेदपाथेयवन्तः, “provisioned with snapped lotus shoots”, is a bahuvrīhi of four members ending in पाथेयवत्. पाथेय is “food for the road” (पथि भोज्यम्), and the suffix वत् (मतुप्) makes “having provisions for the road”. A stem in वत् declines as an at-stem, so the nominative plural is पाथेयवन्तः, with the strong न्त् before the ending; the generator builds no वत्-stem, so the word carries no table. The whole compound tells the geese’s habit: they break off young lotus fibre and carry it as travellers carry rations.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.11: bisakisalayānāṃ … chedaiḥ pātheyavantaḥ, pathi sādhu pātheyaṃ pathi bhojyam

  • √पद्, class 4, लृट्, atmanepada, third person plural

    सम्पत्स्यन्ते

    √पद्

    will turn out to be — सम् + √पद् in the future middle

    सम्पत्स्यन्ते, “they will turn out to be, will fall in as”, the future (लृट्) of सम् + √पद्, third person plural, middle voice. √पद् is a fourth-class root (दिवादि) and conjugates in the middle only (ātmanepada), so the ending is the middle न्ते, and with सम् it means not “fall” but “come out as, prove to be”: the geese will prove to be your companions. The same root gave अव्यापन्नाम्, “not come to harm”, in the verse before.

    • Bālānandinī (LSK, Telugu) — दिवादि / तिङन्त लृट् / आत्मनेपद प्रकरणम्; vendor/balanandini-lsk-telugu-ocr.txt

  • as-stem neuter, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    नभसि

    नभस्

    in the sky — the same word that meant the month in verse 1.4, here the sky itself

  • at-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    भवतः

    printed भवतो

    भवत्

    your — the polite word again, in the genitive. भवत् is the polite word for you and stands where a pronoun would, but its endings are the ordinary at-stem ones

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    राजहंसाः

    हंस

    geese — and the compound makes them the royal kind, red-billed and red-footed

    राजहंसाः is a karmadhāraya, राजा हंसः, “the royal goose” — but राजन् here names a kind, not a rank: Amara says the rājahaṃsas are the geese “white, with red bills and red feet”. They are the birds of Lake Mānasa in the Himālaya, and Mallinātha glosses सहायाः by सयात्राः, “fellow travellers” — so the verse makes them the cloud’s escort as far as Kailāsa, turning back to their lake as the cloud goes on.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.11: rājahaṃsāstu te cañcucaraṇairlohitaiḥ sitāḥ ityamaraḥ; sahāyāḥ sayātrāḥ

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    सहायाः

    सहाय

    companions — Mallinātha glosses सयात्राः, fellow travellers

यत् · गर्जितम् · महीम् · उच्छिलीन्ध्राम् · अवन्ध्याम् · कर्तुम् · प्रभवति · च · ते · तत् · श्रवणसुभगम् · श्रुत्वा · मानसोत्काः · बिसकिसलयच्छेदपाथेयवन्तः · राजहंसाः · आ · कैलासात् · नभसि · भवतः · सहायाः · सम्पत्स्यन्ते

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”

the dependency structure

सम्पत्स्यन्ते · क्रिया — they will turn out to be, fall in beside you

राजहंसाः · कर्ता — the royal geese

मानसोत्काः · their minds already on Lake Mānasa — agreeing with राजहंसाः

बिसकिसलयच्छेदपाथेयवन्तः · carrying snapped lotus shoots as food for the road — a bahuvrīhi describing them

सहायाः · the predicate: companions — what they will turn out to be

भवतः · yours — genitive with सहायाः

नभसि · अधिकरण — in the sky

कैलासात् · as far as Kailāsa — ablative governed by आ

आ · up to — the preposition that governs the ablative

श्रुत्वा · having heard — the absolutive, what they do first

तत् · कर्म — that, the thunder

श्रवणसुभगम् · good to hear — agreeing with तत्

ते · yours — genitive with the thunder

गर्जितम् · the thunder named — antecedent of the relative

यत् · which — the relative picking up the thunder

प्रभवति · is able — the verb of the relative clause

कर्तुम् · to make — the infinitive प्रभवति governs

महीम् · कर्म — the earth

उच्छिलीन्ध्राम् · with mushrooms sprung up — agreeing with महीम्

अवन्ध्याम् · fruitful — agreeing with महीम्

च · and — joining the two things the thunder does

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī

And when they have heard that thunder of yours, which is good to hear and can make the earth send up mushrooms and bear, royal geese with their minds already on Lake Mānasa, carrying snapped lotus shoots for the road, will fall in beside you in the sky as far as Kailāsa.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss

And when they have heard that thunder of yours — good to hear, and able to make the earth send up mushrooms and bear its crops — royal geese with their minds already on Lake Mānasa, carrying snapped lotus shoots for the road, will fall in beside you in the sky as far as Kailāsa, and be your companions.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.11, whole-verse gloss

No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.