मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 2.29

विरहशयन · thin as the moon's last remaining digit

आधिक्षामां विरहशयने संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वां

आ
धि
क्षा
मां
वि
र
ह
श
य
ने
सं
नि
ष
ण्णै
क
पा
र्श्वां

प्राचीमूले तनुमिव कलामात्रशेषां हिमांशोः

प्रा
ची
मू
ले
त
नु
मि
व
क
ला
मा
त्र
शे
षां
हि
मां
शोः

नीता रात्रिः क्षण इव मया सार्धमिच्छारतैर्या

नी
ता
रा
त्रिः
क्ष
ण
इ
व
म
या
सा
र्ध
मि
च्छा
र
तै
र्या

तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

ता
मे
वो
ष्णै
र्वि
र
ह
म
ह
ती
म
श्रु
भि
र्या
प
य
न्तीम्

pāda a

  • आguruits long vowel आ
  • धिguruthe conjunct क्ष that follows it
  • क्षाguruits long vowel आ
  • मांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नेguruits long vowel ए
  • संguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • निlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • षguruthe conjunct ण्ण that follows it
  • ण्णैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पाguruits long vowel आ
  • र्श्वांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — आधिक्षामां
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — विरहशयने

pāda b

  • प्राguruits long vowel आ
  • चीguruits long vowel ई
  • मूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • लेguruits long vowel ए
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लाguruits long vowel आ
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • त्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शेguruits long vowel ए
  • षांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • हिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • शोःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — प्राचीमूले
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound कलामात्रशेषाम्

pāda c

  • नीguruits long vowel ई
  • ताguruits long vowel आ
  • राguruits long vowel आ
  • त्रिःguruthe visarga it carries
  • क्षlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णlaghuits short vowel, with no consonant after it
  • इlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • याguruits long vowel आ
  • साguruits long vowel आ
  • र्धlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मिguruthe conjunct च्छ that follows it
  • च्छाguruits long vowel आ
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • र्याguruits long vowel आ
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — रात्रिः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — मया

pāda d

  • ताguruits long vowel आ
  • मेguruits long vowel ए
  • वोguruits long vowel ओ
  • ष्णैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • र्विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तीguruits long vowel ई
  • मguruthe conjunct श्र that follows it
  • श्रुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भिguruthe conjunct र्य that follows it
  • र्याguruits long vowel आ
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यguruthe conjunct न्त that follows it
  • न्तीम्guruthe end of the pāda, which counts the last syllable heavy
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside उष्णैः
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound विरहमहतीम्
  • आधिक्षामाम् + विरहशयने → आधिक्षामां

    म् + व्

  • संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम् + प्राचीमूले → संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वां

    म् + प्

  • तनुम् + इव → तनुमिव

    म् + इ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • कलामात्रशेषाम् + हिमांशोः → कलामात्रशेषां

    म् + ह्

  • क्षणः + इव → क्षण

    ः + इ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • सार्धम् + इच्छारतैः → सार्धमिच्छारतैर्या

    म् + इ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • इच्छारतैः + या → सार्धमिच्छारतैर्या

    ः + य्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • ताम् + एव → तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    म् + ए

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • एव + उष्णैः → तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    अ + उ → ओ

  • उष्णैः + विरहमहतीम् → तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    ः + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • विरहमहतीम् + अश्रुभिः → तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    म् + अ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • अश्रुभिः + यापयन्तीम् → तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    ः + य्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • आधि + क्षामा → आधिक्षामाम्

    इ + क्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • विरह + शयन → विरहशयने

    अ + श्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • संनिषण्ण + एक → संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम्

    अ + ए → ऐ · falls inside the syllable ण्णै

  • एक + पार्श्वा → संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम्

    अ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • प्राची + मूल → प्राचीमूले

    ई + म्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • कला + मात्र → कलामात्रशेषाम्

    आ + म्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • मात्र + शेषा → कलामात्रशेषाम्

    अ + श्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • हिम + अंशु → हिमांशोः

    अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable मा

  • इच्छा + रत → इच्छारतैः

    आ + र्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • विरह + महती → विरहमहतीम्

    अ + म्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

Two vowel-joins meet inside the stanza: संनिषण्ण + एक gives ऐ, वृद्धि by Pāṇini 6.1.88 वृद्धिरेचि — संनिषण्णैक — and एव + उष्णैः gives ओ, गुण by 6.1.87 आद्गुणः — एवोष्णैः. A word-final म् becomes anusvāra before a consonant by 8.3.23 मोऽनुस्वारः — आधिक्षामां, कलामात्रशेषां — and is kept before a vowel — तनुमिव, सार्धमिच्छारतैः, तामेव, विरहमहतीमश्रुभिः. A final स् becomes रु by 8.2.66 ससजुषो रुः and stands as र् before a voiced sound — इच्छारतैर्या, उष्णैर्विरह, अश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम् — and as visarga before the voiceless क् of रात्रिः क्षण. The one join to watch is क्षण इव: the रु of क्षणः becomes य् by 8.3.17 भोभगोऽघोऽपूर्वस्य यः and then drops by 8.3.19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य, leaving the two vowels standing unjoined.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt
  • विरहशयने सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • प्राचीमूले सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • तनुम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with कलामात्रशेषाम्, यापयन्तीम्

  • रात्रिः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with नीता

  • क्षणः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • मया तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • इच्छारतैः तृतीया · instrumental — a मध्यमपदलोपी compound, its middle word dropped

    इच्छारतैः is 'with lovemaking done at will', इच्छया कृतानि रतानि, and its middle word — कृतानि, done — has fallen out, leaving इच्छा joined straight to रत. Mallinātha names the kind of compound rather than only glossing it: शाकपार्थिवादित्वान्मध्यमपदलोपी समासः, it is a मध्यमपदलोपी of the शाकपार्थिव type, the class of compounds where a middle member is understood but not spoken, as शाकप्रियः पार्थिवः becomes शाकपार्थिवः. So इच्छारत is not 'desire-and-lovemaking' but 'lovemaking-done-as-desired', with the doing left silent between the two words.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.29: icchayā kṛtāni ratāni taiḥ | śākapārthivāditvān madhyamapadalopī samāsaḥ
  • या प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • ताम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with आधिक्षामाम्, संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम्, विरहमहतीम्

  • उष्णैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

  • अश्रुभिः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

  • ससजुषो रुः 8.2.66← हिमांशोः; रात्रिः; क्षणः; इच्छारतैः; उष्णैः; अश्रुभिः

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 10 · अहन्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 22 · स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

प्रकरण 60 · स्त्रियाम्

not in the abridgement

आधिक्षामाम्

आधि · क्षामा

  1. आधिना क्षामा, ताम्

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — grown thin by the ache in the mind

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with ताम्. wasted by the ache in her mind — and both halves get a citation. **आधि is mental pain and not bodily**, which Mallinātha settles out of Amara: “पुंस्याधिर्मानसी व्यथा”, ādhi in the masculine is pain of the mind; the word for the other kind is व्याधि, and the one letter is the whole difference. **क्षामा is a past participle that is not passive.** He says so: क्षायतेः कर्तरि क्तः, the क्त of √क्षै here names the doer — so the word is not *thinned by* something but *having grown thin*, and आधिना is the cause and not the agent. The word it describes is not in this stanza: these four verses hang on the ताम् of 2.28, which Mallinātha writes out there as त्वत्सखीम्

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses आधिना मनोव्यथया क्षामां कृशाम्, cites “पुंस्याधिर्मानसी व्यथा” इत्यमरः, and names both the kartari क्त and the sūtra “क्षायो मः”; Pāṇini 8.2.53 named by him, 3.4.72 गत्यर्थाकर्मक… by way of skt-mcp; DCS gives the members as आधि and क्षाम“ādhinā manovyathayā kṣāmāṃ kṛśām || “puṃsy ādhir mānasī vyathā” ity amaraḥ || kṣāyateḥ kartari ktaḥ”

विरहशयने

विरह · शयन

  1. विरहे शयनम्, तस्मिन्

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — the bed used in separation

तत्पुरुष. on the bed of separation — a locative tatpuruṣa, the bed *in* separation rather than a bed *made of* it, and Mallinātha then says what such a bed is made of: पल्लवादिरचित इत्यर्थः, put together of young shoots and the like. **So the compound names a real object and not a mood.** A woman parted from her husband lies on cool leaves because the body burns; the word is the practice, and it belongs beside the bare ground of 2.28 rather than beside the grief

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks विरहे शयनं तस्मिन्विरहशयने and adds पल्लवादिरचित इत्यर्थः; DCS gives the members as विरह and शयन“virahe śayanaṃ tasmin virahaśayane | pallavādiracita ityarthaḥ”

संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम्

संनिषण्ण · एक · पार्श्वा

  1. संनिषण्णम् एकं पार्श्वम्

    कर्मधारय — one flank, and it laid down

  2. संनिषण्णम् एकं पार्श्वं यस्याः सा, ताम्

    बहुव्रीहि — she one of whose flanks is laid down

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to ताम्. lying on one side — the picture the whole stanza turns on, because it is the shape of the crescent as much as of the woman. **The word is worth taking apart for its sounds alone**: सम् + नि + √सद्, and the participle of √सद् is सन्न, because 8.2.42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः turns the त् of the participle into न् after द् and the द् along with it; then the स् of सद् goes retroflex after the prefix नि by 8.3.66 सदिरप्रतेः, and the न् follows it by 8.4.41 ष्टुना ष्टुः. Three rules, and what comes out is संनिषण्ण

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks संनिषण्णमेकं पार्श्वे यस्यास्ताम् — the transcription prints पार्श्वे where the vigraha wants the accusative पार्श्वम्; Pāṇini 8.2.42, 8.3.66 and 8.4.41 by way of skt-mcp; DCS gives the first member as संनिषद्, which is the lexicon's headword and not the form in the verse“sanniṣaṇṇam ekaṃ pārśve yasyās tām”

प्राचीमूले

प्राची · मूल

  1. प्राच्याः मूलम्, तस्मिन्

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the foot of the eastern quarter

तत्पुरुष. at the foot of the east — which Mallinātha puts on the map: प्राच्याः पूर्वस्या दिशो मूले, उदयगिरिप्रान्त इत्यर्थः, the edge of the mountain the sun rises over. **And then he does the thing he does only a few times in the poem: he says why each word was chosen.** प्राचीग्रहणं क्षीणावस्थाद्योतनार्थम् — *east* is named to let the waned state be seen, since the moon that stands in the east near dawn is the last thin sliver and no other. मूलग्रहणं दृश्यतार्थम् — *foot* is named so that it can be seen at all, low down where the eye reaches it. Two lines, and between them the whole simile is justified without a word about the woman

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses प्राच्याः पूर्वस्या दिशो मूले, उदयगिरिप्रान्त इत्यर्थः, and adds प्राचीग्रहणं क्षीणावस्थाद्योतनार्थम् । मूलग्रहणं दृश्यतार्थम्; DCS reads प्राचीमूल as one lemma and marks no compound“ata eva prācyāḥ pūrvasyā diśo mūle | udayagiriprānta ityarthaḥ || prācīgrahaṇaṃ kṣīṇāvasthādyotanārtham | mūlagrahaṇaṃ dṛśyatārtham”

कलामात्रशेषाम्

कला · मात्र · शेषा

  1. कला एव कलामात्रम्

    कर्मधारय — a digit and no more

  2. कलामात्रं शेषो यस्याः सा, ताम्

    बहुव्रीहि — of which a single digit is what is left

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to तनुम्. with only a digit left — and Mallinātha's unpacking of the inner half is one word long: कलामात्रं कलैव, *a mere kalā* is *a kalā and nothing else*, which is what मात्र does at the end of a compound. A कला is a sixteenth of the moon's disc, so the word is a measurement and not a figure of speech. **What it describes is the moon and not the woman** — शेषाम् agrees with तनुम्, the moon's body, in the same pāda; she is what the moon is being compared to

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who unpacks कलामात्रं कलैव शेषो यस्यास्तां हिमांशोस्तनुम्; DCS gives the members as कला and मात्र“kalāmātraṃ kalaiva śeṣo yasyās tāṃ himāṃśos tanuṃ mūrtim iva sthitām”

हिमांशोः

हिम · अंशु

  1. हिमाः अंशवो यस्य सः, तस्य

    बहुव्रीहि — the one whose rays are cold

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to चन्द्र. of the cold-rayed one — the moon, named by the one property that matters to a poem about a body burning with separation. **The compound has hardened into a name**, which is why Mallinātha repeats it without unpacking it and why DCS carries it as a single lemma; but it is a bahuvrīhi still, and the thing it points at is named nowhere — not in the verse, not in the comment. The head is supplied and the vigraha restored, as at 1.60 for त्र्यम्बकस्य

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who writes हिमांशोस्तनुं मूर्तिमिव and leaves the compound whole; the vigraha restored and the head चन्द्र supplied, since neither the verse nor the comment names the moon; DCS reads हिमांशु as one lemma and marks no compound“himāṃśos tanuṃ mūrtim iva sthitām”

इच्छारतैः

इच्छा · रत

  1. इच्छया कृतानि रतानि, तैः

    कर्मधारय, with a middle word dropped — lovemaking done as the two of them pleased

कर्मधारय. with lovemaking at will — and Mallinātha names the kind of compound rather than merely glossing it: शाकपार्थिवादित्वान्मध्यमपदलोपी समासः, a compound of the śākapārthiva sort, with the middle word dropped. **The middle word here is कृत.** इच्छारत is इच्छाकृतं रतम् with the doing left out, so the two nouns stand next to each other with the verb that joined them gone; इच्छया कृतानि रतानि is his full form. It is the fourth time the poem has used the type, after 1.1, 1.2 and 2.22

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses इच्छया कृतानि रतानि तैः and names शाकपार्थिवादित्वान्मध्यमपदलोपी समासः; DCS gives the members as इच्छा and रत“tathā yā rātrir mayā sārdham icchayā kṛtāni ratāni taiḥ || śākapārthivāditvān madhyamapadalopī samāsaḥ”

विरहमहतीम्

विरह · महती

  1. विरहेण महती, ताम्

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — made long by separation

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with ताम्. long with separation — describing the night and not the woman. Mallinātha will not let the length be a fact about the night: महत्त्वेन प्रतीयमानाम्, *perceived as* long, and then he says the principle outright at the close of the comment — स एव कालः सुखिनामल्पः प्रतीयते, दुःखिनां तु विपरीतः, the same stretch of time seems short to the happy and the other way to the wretched. **So the compound is the argument of the stanza in two words**: the night is not longer, it is longer to her

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses विरहेण महतीं महत्त्वेन प्रतीयमानाम् and closes स एव कालः सुखिनामल्पः प्रतीयते । दुःखिनां तु विपरीत इति भावः; DCS gives the members as विरह and महत्“tāṃ tajjātīyām eva rātriṃ viraheṇa mahatīṃ mahattvena pratīyamānām”

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    आधिक्षामाम्

    printed आधिक्षामां

    क्षाम, the निष्ठा of √क्षै, feminine क्षामा

    wasted — Mallinātha glosses कृशाम्, thin. **The word is built by a rule he names**: “क्षायो मः”, Pāṇini 8.2.53, puts म् in place of the त् of the participle after √क्षै, so क्षै + त gives क्षाम and not the क्षात the ordinary rule would make. And he settles what kind of participle it is before that: क्षायतेः कर्तरि क्तः, the क्त names the doer, which 3.4.72 allows after an intransitive root. **So she has grown thin rather than been thinned**, and the आधि in front of the word is what she has grown thin of

  • a-stem neuter, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    विरहशयने

    शयन

    on the bed — the locative of place, and the only locative in the stanza that says where she is. Mallinātha adds what it is made of, पल्लवादिरचितः, of young shoots and the like

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम्

    printed संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वां

    पार्श्व, taking ā-stem feminine endings at the end of a bahuvrīhi

    one flank down — the posture, and it is doing the work of the simile. She lies on her side; the last crescent lies on its side at the horizon; the stanza never says the second half of that, and Mallinātha's अत एव, *for that very reason*, is what joins them. The neuter पार्श्व is declined as a feminine because the compound describes the ताम् of 2.28

  • a-stem neuter, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    प्राचीमूले

    मूल

    at the foot — of the eastern quarter, which Mallinātha reads as the flank of the sunrise mountain, उदयगिरिप्रान्तः. **And he says why the word is मूल and not something else**: मूलग्रहणं दृश्यतार्थम्, the foot is named so the thing can be seen — high up the thin crescent would be lost, low down it is against the hill and shows

  • u-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    तनुम्

    printed तनुमिव

    तनु

    body — and the gloss is the whole point of putting the word here. Mallinātha writes मूर्तिम्, form, so तनु is the noun *body* and not the adjective *slender*. **The poem gets both anyway**: the word that means a body is the word that means thin, and the body it names is the thinnest thing in the sky. He does not remark on it, and the reader cannot help it

    The comparison is built by a posture, and the commentary supplies the middle of it. She lies with one flank down, संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम्; Mallinātha writes अत एव, for that very reason, and goes straight to the foot of the eastern sky — because the last crescent before dawn lies on its side there too. And then he does something he does only four times before in the poem: he says why each word was chosen rather than what it means. प्राचीग्रहणं क्षीणावस्थाद्योतनार्थम् — 'east' is named to show the waned state, since the moon in the east at that hour can only be the sliver. मूलग्रहणं दृश्यतार्थम् — 'foot' is named so it can be seen, low against the hill rather than lost in the sky. This is the first stanza where he does it twice, and the two together license the whole simile without a word about the woman. The word तनु seals it: he glosses मूर्तिम्, body, so it is the noun and not the adjective — but the word that means a body is the word that means thin, and the body it names is the thinnest thing in the sky.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.29: prācīgrahaṇaṃ kṣīṇāvasthādyotanārtham | mūlagrahaṇaṃ dṛśyatārtham | himāṃśos tanuṃ mūrtim iva sthitām
  • अव्यय

    इव

    printed तनुमिव

    इव

    like — the first of the stanza's two, and the one that does the comparing. Mallinātha supplies the participle it wants, स्थिताम्, standing: she is like the moon's body *standing* at the foot of the east

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    कलामात्रशेषाम्

    printed कलामात्रशेषां

    शेष, taking ā-stem feminine endings at the end of a bahuvrīhi

    with a digit left over — शेष is what remains, and what remains is one कला, a sixteenth of the disc. The compound describes the moon's body, not the woman, though the two are the same picture by the end of the pāda. The masculine शेष is declined as a feminine because the compound describes तनुम्

  • u-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    हिमांशोः

    अंशु at the end of a bahuvrīhi

    of the moon — literally of the one whose rays are cold. **The genitive is the whole grammar of the simile**: it hangs on तनुम् two words back, so what she is like is *the body of the moon*, and the moon itself is only there to own it

  • √नी + क्त, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    नीता

    नीत, the past participle of √नी in क्त

    was carried through — √नी with a stretch of time as its object means to pass it, to get to the end of it. **This is one of the two participles in the stanza and DCS tags them identically**, `f=part` and nothing else; here the drafting script's standing guess of क्त is right, and four words later on यापयन्तीम् it is wrong. The same tag, the same default, one hit and one miss in one stanza

  • i-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    रात्रिः

    रात्रि

    the night — the same word that stood at 2.28 as रात्रौ, the half of the day the whole passage is about. **And this time the generator has the cell.** The locative was missing there because a short-i feminine may decline two ways before a ङित् ending and skt-data offers only one of them; the nominative is the same on both patterns, so the table stands here and did not there

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    क्षणः

    printed क्षण

    क्षण

    a moment — the second thing the night is measured against, after the crescent. The page prints क्षण without its visarga because इव follows: the रु after अ becomes य् by 8.3.17 and then drops by 8.3.19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य, which leaves the two vowels standing side by side unjoined

  • अव्यय

    इव

    इव

    like — the stanza's second, and it compares a length of time to a length of time rather than a body to a body. **Two similes in one stanza and no figure named for either**, which is his practice: he names an alaṅkāra where a reader might miss one, not where the particle is on the page

  • pronoun, तृतीया एकवचन instrumental singular

    मया

    मद्

    with me — the yakṣa, and the first time in six stanzas he has put himself in the picture as a person rather than as an absence. He was मद् in the compounds of 2.28, मद्वियोगः and मत्संदेशैः; here he is the one she spent the night with

  • अव्यय

    सार्धम्

    printed सार्धमिच्छारतैर्या

    सार्धम्

    together with — takes the instrumental मया in front of it, which is why मया is an instrumental at all rather than the agent of नीता. Mallinātha keeps the pair adjacent, मया सार्धम्, and does not gloss it

  • a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    इच्छारतैः

    printed सार्धमिच्छारतैर्या

    रत

    with lovemaking at will — a plural, so the nights are many and each held more than one. The instrumental is what the night was passed *by*: the means of getting through it, which is the exact thing she has none of now

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    या

    printed सार्धमिच्छारतैर्या

    यद्

    which — the relative that makes the third pāda a clause of its own and hands it to the ताम् at the head of the fourth. **It stands last in its own pāda and first in Mallinātha's reading of it**: he begins तथा या रात्रिः, so the word that closes the line is the word the sentence starts from

  • pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    ताम्

    printed तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    तद्

    that same — and it points at the night, not at her. **Mallinātha has to supply the noun and then correct the pronoun.** He writes तां तज्जातीयामेव रात्रिम्: the noun रात्रिम् is not in the fourth pāda and has to come down from the third, and तामेव cannot mean the identical night, since that one is gone, so it means *one of that same kind*. The stanza's other feminine accusatives all describe the woman; this one and विरहमहतीम् describe the night, and nothing on the page marks the difference

    And तामेव cannot mean what it says. The night is over; a pronoun cannot fetch it back. Mallinātha reads तां तज्जातीयामेव रात्रिम् — the noun रात्रिम् is not in the fourth pāda and has to be brought down from the third, and तामेव cannot be the identical night, since that one is gone, so it means one of that same kind. The stanza's other feminine accusatives all describe the woman; this one and विरहमहतीम् describe the night, and nothing on the page marks the difference — the reader learns which is which only from what can be true. एव keeps its restricting force and the pronoun gives up its identity, which is the one way the sentence stays honest.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.29: tāṃ tajjātīyām eva rātriṃ viraheṇa mahatīm
  • अव्यय

    एव

    printed तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    एव

    just so — the restricting particle, and Mallinātha folds it into तज्जातीयामेव: not *that very night* but *a night of just that kind*. The particle keeps its force and the pronoun loses its identity, which is the only way the sentence can be true

  • a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    उष्णैः

    printed तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    उष्ण

    hot — agreeing with अश्रुभिः across three words, and the only word in the stanza that has a temperature. **It answers हिमांशोः in the second pāda**, whose rays are cold: the moon she is compared to is cool and what she is passing the night with is not

  • ī-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    विरहमहतीम्

    printed तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    महती, the feminine of महत् in ङीप्

    made long — and Mallinātha adds the word that turns it into a judgement rather than a measure: महत्त्वेन प्रतीयमानाम्, felt as long. **The feminine is the regular one and the generator has it**: महत् carries the नुम् augment, so ङीप् follows by 4.1.6 उगितश्च and the stem is महती, declined like any ī-stem

  • u-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    अश्रुभिः

    printed तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    अश्रु

    with tears — and the case is what the stanza is built on. इच्छारतैः in the third pāda is the same instrumental of means: that is what the night used to be got through with, and this is what it is got through with now. **Two instrumental plurals, one in each half, and the whole argument sits in the gap between them**

  • √या + णिच् + शतृ, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    यापयन्तीम्

    printed तामेवोष्णैर्विरहमहतीमश्रुभिर्यापयन्तीम्

    यापयत्, from √या in the causative with शतृ, feminine in ङीप्

    making it pass — a causative, so she does not spend the night, she makes the night go. **Mallinātha builds the word twice over.** यातेर्ण्यन्ताच्छतृप्रत्ययः: the शतृ affix comes after the causative of √या, which fixes it as a present active participle and not the past participle DCS's bare `f=part` sent the drafting script to. Then “अर्तिह्री-” इत्यादिना पुगागमः: the augment पुक् by 7.3.36, which is why a root ending in आ gets a प् before the causative and यापयति is not यायति. **And it is the word the stanza ends on** — after the crescent, after the remembered night, what is left is a woman working a night through

    The stanza has no verb and no subject of its own. It hangs on the पश्य of 2.28, which is where Mallinātha announced it: पुनस्तामेव विशिनष्टि “आधिक्षामाम्” इत्यादिभिश्चतुर्भिः, he describes her again by four stanzas beginning आधिक्षामाम्. So every feminine accusative here — आधिक्षामाम्, संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम्, स्थिताम्, यापयन्तीम् — is an epithet of a word standing in the previous verse. That is the second time in four stanzas the corpus has had to reach into a neighbour for the governing word, 2.26 being the other, and the kulaka of 2.25–2.27 the same problem named by the tradition; here the unit is four verses rather than three. The word the tree roots at is a causative, यापयन्तीम् — she does not spend the night, she makes it go.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.29: punas tām eva viśinaṣṭi “ādhikṣāmām” ityādibhiś caturbhiḥ

त्वत्सखीम् [supplied] · आधिक्षामाम् · विरहशयने · संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम् · प्राचीमूले · कलामात्रशेषाम् · हिमांशोः · तनुम् · इव · स्थिताम् [supplied] · या · रात्रिः · मया · सार्धम् · इच्छारतैः · क्षणः · इव · नीता · ताम् · एव · रात्रिम् [supplied] · विरहमहतीम् · उष्णैः · अश्रुभिः · यापयन्तीम् · पश्य [supplied]

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary runs as anvaya. **Four words have to be supplied and all four are his.** पश्य and त्वत्सखीम् come from 2.28, where he announced these four stanzas — पुनस्तामेव विशिनष्टि “आधिक्षामाम्” इत्यादिभिश्चतुर्भिः — so the stanza has no verb and no subject of its own; स्थिताम् he writes in to give the first इव something to lean on, मूर्तिमिव स्थिताम्; and रात्रिम् he writes in beside तामेव, since the fourth pāda's pronoun has no noun in its own pāda. What he moves is one thing: कलामात्रशेषाम् he takes in front of हिमांशोस्तनुम् so that the describing compound stands before what it describes, where the verse prints तनुम् first for the metre. The third pāda he leaves entirely alone“ādhinā manovyathayā kṣāmāṃ kṛśām … ata eva prācyāḥ pūrvasyā diśo mūle … kalāmātraṃ kalaiva śeṣo yasyās tāṃ himāṃśos tanuṃ mūrtim iva sthitām | tathā yā rātrir mayā sārdham icchayā kṛtāni ratāni taiḥ … kṣaṇa iva nītā yā tāṃ tajjātīyām eva rātriṃ viraheṇa mahatīṃ … uṣṇair aśrubhir yāpayantīm”

the dependency structure

यापयन्तीम् · विधेय — making that night pass; a causative present active participle, and the word the whole stanza turns on and ends on. The verse has no finite verb and no subject of its own: it hangs on the पश्य of 2.28, where Mallinātha announced it — पुनस्तामेव विशिनष्टि “आधिक्षामाम्” इत्यादिभिश्चतुर्भिः, he describes her again by four stanzas beginning आधिक्षामाम् — so the tree roots at the predicate participle and the role says so. She does not spend the night; the causative has her make it go

त्वत्सखीम् · उद्देश्य — your friend; the subject, carried down from 2.28, whom every feminine accusative here describes

आधिक्षामाम् · agreeing with त्वत्सखीम् — wasted by the ache in her mind, कृशाम्; आधि is pain of the mind, not the body, and what she has grown thin of

विरहशयने · अधिकरण — on the bed of separation, पल्लवादिरचिते; the one word that says where she is

संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम् · agreeing with त्वत्सखीम् — one flank down; the posture that does the work of the simile, since the last crescent lies on its side too

स्थिताम् · agreeing with त्वत्सखीम् — lying so; the participle Mallinātha writes in to give इव something to lean on, मूर्तिमिव स्थिताम्

इव · — like; the particle that does the comparing

तनुम् · उपमान — the body, मूर्तिम्; the moon's body is what she is like, and तनु means both a body and a thin thing, so the word that names a body names the thinnest thing in the sky

हिमांशोः · षष्ठी — of the cold-rayed moon; the genitive is the whole grammar of the simile, hanging on तनुम् — what she is like is the moon's body, and the moon is there only to own it

कलामात्रशेषाम् · agreeing with तनुम् — with a single digit left, कला एव शेषो यस्याः; what remains of the disc is one sixteenth

प्राचीमूले · अधिकरण — at the foot of the east, उदयगिरिप्रान्ते; the edge of the sunrise mountain, where the thin crescent can be seen

रात्रिम् · कर्म — the night she makes pass; the object of यापयन्तीम्, supplied by Mallinātha down from the third pāda, तां तज्जातीयामेव रात्रिम्

ताम् · agreeing with रात्रिम् — that same kind of, तज्जातीयाम्; it points at the night, and cannot mean the identical night, since that one is gone — so a night of just that kind

एव · — just; folded into तज्जातीयामेव, so the particle keeps its force and the pronoun loses its identity

विरहमहतीम् · agreeing with रात्रिम् — made long by separation, महत्त्वेन प्रतीयमानाम्; felt as long, a judgement and not a measure

नीता · the relative clause's verb — was passed; describes what kind of night by likening it to the remembered one, which went by like a moment

रात्रिः · उद्देश्य of नीता — the night which was passed

या · agreeing with रात्रिः — which; the relative that makes the third pāda a clause and hands it to the ताम् at the head of the fourth

क्षणः · उपमान — a moment; what the night with him is measured against

इव · — like; the stanza's second, comparing a length of time to a length of time

मया · — with me; the yakṣa, the first time in six stanzas he stands in the picture as a person

सार्धम् · — together with; takes the instrumental मया, which is why मया is instrumental and not the agent of नीता

इच्छारतैः · करण — with lovemaking at will, इच्छया कृतानि रतानि; a plural, so the nights were many, and the means by which the night used to be got through — the exact thing she has none of now

अश्रुभिः · करण — with tears; the means the night is got through with now, answering इच्छारतैः in the third pāda — two instrumental plurals, one in each half, and the whole argument sits in the gap between them

उष्णैः · agreeing with अश्रुभिः — hot; the one word in the stanza with a temperature, answering हिमांशोः, whose rays are cold

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading, who hangs the stanza on 2.28's पश्य (पुनस्तामेव विशिनष्टि … चतुर्भिः), supplies स्थिताम् for इव and रात्रिम् for the fourth pāda, builds यापयन्तीम् as a causative शतृ participle with the पुक् augment, reads the crescent simile by naming why each word was chosen (प्राचीग्रहणं क्षीणावस्थाद्योतनार्थम्, मूलग्रहणं दृश्यतार्थम्), states the time-principle (स एव कालः सुखिनामल्पः प्रतीयते), and reads तामेव as तज्जातीयाम्; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam. The stanza has no finite verb; the tree roots at its predicate, the causative present participle यापयन्तीम्, and the role says so.

Thin with the ache in her mind, lying on the bed of separation with one side down, like the body of the cold-rayed moon standing at the foot of the east with a single digit left of it — look at her making that same kind of night, the night that went by like a moment with me and our lovemaking at will, go by now with hot tears, a night that separation has made long. **The stanza has no verb and no subject of its own.** It hangs on the पश्य of 2.28, which is where Mallinātha announced it: पुनस्तामेव विशिनष्टि “आधिक्षामाम्” इत्यादिभिश्चतुर्भिः, he describes her again by four stanzas beginning आधिक्षामाम्. So every feminine accusative here is an epithet of a word standing in the previous verse. **That is the second time in four stanzas the corpus has had to reach into a neighbour for the governing word** — 2.26 was the other, and the kulaka of 2.25 to 2.27 was the same problem named by the tradition. Here the unit is four verses rather than three. **The comparison is built by a posture, and the commentary supplies the middle of it.** She lies with one flank down; Mallinātha writes अत एव, *for that very reason*, and goes straight to the foot of the eastern sky — because the last crescent before dawn lies on its side there too. **And then he does something he does only four times before in the poem: he says why each word was chosen rather than what it means.** प्राचीग्रहणं क्षीणावस्थाद्योतनार्थम् — *east* is named to show the waned state, since the moon in the east at that hour can only be the sliver. मूलग्रहणं दृश्यतार्थम् — *foot* is named so it can be seen, low against the hill rather than lost in the sky. He did this at 1.18, 1.31, 1.43 and 1.45; **this is the first stanza where he does it twice**, and the two together license the whole simile without a word about the woman. **The second half is an argument about time, and he states it as a principle.** The night with the yakṣa went क्षण इव, like a moment; the night without him is विरहमहती, made long by separation — and he will not let that be a fact about the night. महत्त्वेन प्रतीयमानाम्, *felt as* long, and then the rule outright: स एव कालः सुखिनामल्पः प्रतीयते । दुःखिनां तु विपरीत इति भावः, the same stretch seems short to the happy and the reverse to the wretched. The verb she is given is a causative, यापयन्तीम् — she is not spending the night, she is making it go. **And तामेव cannot mean what it says.** The night is over; a pronoun cannot fetch it back. Mallinātha reads तां तज्जातीयामेव रात्रिम्, a night *of that same kind*, supplying the noun the fourth pāda does not print and reading एव as class rather than identity. It is the second correction of a pronoun in three stanzas, after the ताम् of 2.28 that he had to write out as त्वत्सखीम्. No figure is named, and the stanza has two similes on the page. What he names is the state: एतेन कार्श्यावस्थोक्ता, by this the condition called *wasting* is stated — after जागर at 2.28, सङ्कल्प at 2.27 and मूर्च्छा at 2.26. **Four stanzas running, each closed with an item from the ten states of love in separation**, so the naming has stopped being an occasional remark and become the shape of the passage.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī's gloss. His are: आधि as mental pain out of Amara, the kartari क्त of क्षाम with “क्षायो मः”, पल्लवादिरचितः for the bed, the vigraha of संनिषण्णैकपार्श्वाम् with अत एव, उदयगिरिप्रान्तः for प्राचीमूल, both ग्रहण remarks, कलैव for कलामात्रम्, मूर्तिम् for तनुम्, इच्छया कृतानि रतानि with शाकपार्थिवादित्वान्मध्यमपदलोपी समासः, तज्जातीयाम् for तामेव with रात्रिम् supplied, महत्त्वेन प्रतीयमानाम्, the शतृ of यापयन्तीम् with the पुक् augment, the principle स एव कालः सुखिनामल्पः प्रतीयते, and एतेन कार्श्यावस्थोक्ता. That the stanza is the second in four to borrow its verb from a neighbour, that the two instrumental plurals answer each other, that उष्णैः answers हिमांशोः, and that this is the first stanza with two ग्रहण remarks in it, are the reader's; the earlier ग्रहण remarks at 1.18, 1.31, 1.43 and 1.45 are checked against `vendor/meghaduta-sanjivini.itx`“sa eva kālaḥ sukhinām alpaḥ pratīyate | duḥkhināṃ tu viparīta iti bhāvaḥ | etena kārśyāvasthoktā”

Thin with the ache in her mind, lying on the bed of separation with one side down, like the body of the cold-rayed moon standing at the foot of the east with a single digit left of it — look at her making that same kind of night, the night that once went by like a moment with me and our lovemaking at will, go by now with hot tears, a night that separation has made long. The stanza sets one night against another across its two halves: the remembered night that was over in an instant, and the present one she has to work through, minute by minute, with the only means left to her. Even the moon she is likened to is chosen for its cold, against the heat of her tears.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.29, whole-verse gloss

No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.