printलघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी — practise the grammar

मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.24

विदिशा · the Vetravatī drunk

तेषां दिक्षु प्रथितविदिशालक्षणां राजधानीं

ते
षां
दि
क्षु
प्र
थि
त
वि
दि
शा
ल
क्ष
णां
रा
ज
धा
नीं

गत्वा सद्यः फलमविकलं कामुकत्वस्य लब्धा

ग
त्वा
स
द्यः
फ
ल
म
वि
क
लं
का
मु
क
त्व
स्य
ल
ब्धा

तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगं पास्यसि स्वादु यस्मात्

ती
रो
पा
न्त
स्त
नि
त
सु
भ
गं
पा
स्य
सि
स्वा
दु
य
स्मात्

सभ्रूभङ्गं मुखमिव पयो वेत्रवत्याश्चलोर्मि

स
भ्रू
भ
ङ्गं
मु
ख
मि
व
प
यो
वे
त्र
व
त्या
श्च
लो
र्मि

pāda a

  • तेguruits long vowel ए
  • षांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • दिguruthe conjunct क्ष that follows it
  • क्षुguruthe conjunct प्र that follows it
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • थिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शाguruits long vowel आ
  • लguruthe conjunct क्ष that follows it
  • क्षlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • राguruits long vowel आ
  • जlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • धाguruits long vowel आ
  • नींguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — दिक्षु
  • yati after 10 — a compound member ends here, inside प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम्

pāda b

  • गguruthe conjunct त्व that follows it
  • त्वाguruits long vowel आ
  • सguruthe conjunct द्य that follows it
  • द्यःguruthe visarga it carries
  • फlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • मुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कguruthe conjunct त्व that follows it
  • त्वguruthe conjunct स्य that follows it
  • स्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लguruthe conjunct ब्ध that follows it
  • ब्धाguruits long vowel आ
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — सद्यः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — फलमविकलं

pāda c

  • तीguruits long vowel ई
  • रोguruits long vowel ओ
  • पाguruits long vowel आ
  • न्तguruthe conjunct स्त that follows it
  • स्तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • निlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • गंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • पाguruits long vowel आ
  • स्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सिguruthe conjunct स्व that follows it
  • स्वाguruits long vowel आ
  • दुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यguruthe conjunct स्म that follows it
  • स्मात्guruthe end of the pāda, which counts the last syllable heavy
  • yati after 4 — a compound member ends here, inside तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम्
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगं

pāda d

  • सguruthe conjunct भ्र that follows it
  • भ्रूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • भguruthe conjunct ङ्ग that follows it
  • ङ्गंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • मुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • खlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • योguruits long vowel ओ
  • वेguruits long vowel ए
  • त्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वguruthe conjunct त्य that follows it
  • त्याguruits long vowel आ
  • श्चlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • लोguruits long vowel ओ
  • र्मिlaghuits short vowel — light on its own, though the pāda ends here
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — सभ्रूभङ्गं
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — पयो

  • तेषाम् + दिक्षु → तेषां

    म् + द्

  • दिक्षु + प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम् → तेषां दिक्षु

    उ + प्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम् + राजधानीम् → प्रथितविदिशालक्षणां

    म् + र्

  • राजधानीम् + गत्वा → राजधानीं

    म् + ग्

  • फलम् + अविकलम् → फलमविकलं

    म् + अ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम् + पास्यसि → तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगं

    म् + प्

  • सभ्रूभङ्गम् + मुखम् → सभ्रूभङ्गं

    म् + म्

  • मुखम् + इव → मुखमिव

    म् + इ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • पयः + वेत्रवत्याः → पयो

    ः + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • वेत्रवत्याः + चलोर्मि → वेत्रवत्याश्चलोर्मि

    ः + च्

  • प्रथित + विदिशा → प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम्

    अ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • विदिशा + लक्षण → प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम्

    आ + ल्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • राजन् + धानी → राजधानीम्

    न् + ध्

  • तीर + उपान्त → तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम्

    अ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable रो

  • उपान्त + स्तनित → तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम्

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • स्तनित + सुभग → तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम्

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • स + भ्रू → सभ्रूभङ्गम्

    अ + भ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • भ्रू + भङ्ग → सभ्रूभङ्गम्

    ऊ + भ्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • चल + ऊर्मि → चलोर्मि

    अ + ऊ → ओ · falls inside the syllable लो

The two fates of a word-final म् run through this verse: तेषां दिक्षु, प्रथितविदिशालक्षणां राजधानीं, राजधानीं गत्वा, तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगं पास्यसि and सभ्रूभङ्गं मुखम् all keep the म् as अनुस्वार before a consonant, while मुखमिव keeps it unchanged before the vowel इ. The visarga shows both its outcomes too: पयो वेत्रवत्याः, where पयः + वेत्रवत्याः turns the visarga after अ into ओ before the voiced व्; and वेत्रवत्याश्चलोर्मि, where the visarga becomes श् before the palatal च्.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt

  • तेषाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • दिक्षु सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • राजधानीम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम्

  • फलम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • अविकलम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • कामुकत्वस्य षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

  • तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम् द्वितीया · accusative — क्रियाविशेषण — the accusative standing as an adverb of manner, not the object

    तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम् is accusative, and the default of the accusative is कर्म, the object. But the object of पास्यसि is पयः, the water; this word says how the drinking goes — “pleasantly, sweet with your own thunder along the bank” — not what is drunk. It is the accusative used adverbially, the same use that put द्रुतम् at 1.22 for how the going is meant. Mallinātha's gloss makes the adverb plain: तेन सुभगं यथा तथा, “pleasant with it, in that manner”.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.24: tīropānte … stanitaṃ … tena subhagaṃ yathā tathā

  • स्वादु द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • यस्मात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure

  • मुखम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with सभ्रूभङ्गम्

  • पयः द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with चलोर्मि

  • वेत्रवत्याः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word

तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम् is accusative but adverbial: it says how the drinking goes, not what is drunk. See the role note — it is the same adverbial accusative as द्रुतम् at 1.22.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.24: tena subhagaṃ yathā tathā

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 13 · अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः

प्रकरण 30 · भावकर्मणोः

प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्

प्रकरण 48 · शेषे

not in the abridgement

  • अ अ 8.4.68← गत्वा; लब्धा; पास्यसि

प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम्

प्रथित · विदिशा · लक्षण

  1. विदिशा इति लक्षणम्

    कर्मधारय — the name "Vidiśā" — Viśva lets लक्षण mean a name as well as a mark

  2. दिक्षु प्रथितं विदिशालक्षणम्

    कर्मधारय — and that name is known everywhere

  3. प्रथितविदिशालक्षणं यस्याः ताम्

    बहुव्रीहि — the city that carries it

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to राजधानीम्. the city whose name, Vidiśā, is known in every direction — Mallinātha glosses लक्षण as नामधेय outright

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“dikṣu prathitaṃ prasiddhaṃ vidiśeti lakṣaṇaṃ nāmadheyaṃ yasyāstām || “lakṣaṇaṃ nāmni cihne ca” iti viśvaḥ”

राजधानीम्

राजन् · धानी

  1. धीयन्ते अस्याम् इति धानी

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — the place where things are set down — Mallinātha names the suffix, ल्युट् in the sense of "where"

  2. राज्ञां धानी

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — and it is the kings' one

तत्पुरुष. the capital — Śabdārṇava defines it in the same words Mallinātha uses: प्रधाननगरी, the chief city

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“dhīyante’syāmiti dhānī … rājñāṃ dhānī rājadhānī … tāṃ pradhānanagarīm”

तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम्

तीर · उपान्त · स्तनित · सुभग

  1. तीरस्य उपान्तः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the near edge of the bank

  2. तीरोपान्ते स्तनितम्

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — and thunder there

  3. स्तनितेन सुभगम्

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — made pleasant by it

तत्पुरुष. sweetened by your thunder along the bank — and Mallinātha says the word is doing double duty: स्तनित also names the low sound a woman makes, which is why the whole verse reads as it does

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“tīropānte taṭaprānte yatstanitaṃ garjitaṃ tena subhagaṃ … stanitaśabdena bhaṇitamapi vyapadiśyate”

सभ्रूभङ्गम्

स · भ्रू · भङ्ग

  1. भ्रुवोः भङ्गः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — a knitting of the brows

  2. भ्रूभङ्गेन सह वर्तमानम्

    बहुव्रीहि — the one that has it

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to मुखम्. with a frown on it — Mallinātha glosses भ्रुकुटियुक्तम् and then says what the frown is for: दशनपीडया, because of the bite

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“sabhrūbhaṅgaṃ bhrukuṭiyuktam | daśanapīḍayeti bhāvaḥ”

चलोर्मि

चल · ऊर्मि

  1. चलाः ऊर्मयः यस्य तत्

    बहुव्रीहि — the one whose waves are moving

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to पयः. with its ripples going — Mallinātha glosses तरङ्गितम्, and the moving surface is what makes the water a face rather than a mirror

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“calā ūrmayo yasya taccalormi taraṅgitaṃ”

  • pronoun, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural

    तेषाम्

    printed तेषां

    तद्

    of those — Mallinātha supplies which: दशार्णानाम्, the people of the last verse

  • ś-stem feminine, सप्तमी बहुवचन locative plural

    दिक्षु

    printed तेषां दिक्षु

    दिश्

    in every direction — the sound change is on the page: दिश् + सु gives दिक्षु. The श् becomes क् before the ending

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम्

    printed प्रथितविदिशालक्षणां

    लक्षण

    a name — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the city that has it. लक्षण is an a-stem neuter as a noun, and takes the feminine in -ā here with the राजधानीम् it describes

  • ī-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    राजधानीम्

    printed राजधानीं

    धानी

    the place where things are set — from √धा with ल्युट् in the sense of the place of an action, which Mallinātha names

    राजधानी, “the capital”, is धानी with राजन् in front of it. धानी is built from √धा, “to set, to place”, with the suffix ल्युट् in the sense of the place where an action happens — धीयन्ते अस्याम्, “the place where things are set down”. Mallinātha names the rule that gives ल्युट् that sense (करणाधिकरणयोश्च) and then adds राज्ञां धानी, “the kings' one”, so the whole word is “the place where the kings are seated”, the chief city. Śabdārṇava defines it in his very words: प्रधाननगरी.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.24: dhīyante’syāmiti dhānī || “karaṇādhikaraṇayośca” iti lyuṭ | rājñāṃ dhānī

  • √गम् + क्त्वा

    गत्वा

    गत्वा, from √गम्

    having reached — Mallinātha glosses प्राप्य

  • अव्यय

    सद्यः

    सद्यस्

    at once — the same word as at 1.16, and it does the same thing: the reward is immediate

  • a-stem neuter, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    फलम्

    printed फलमविकलं

    फल

    the fruit — Mallinātha glosses प्रयोजनम्, the point of the thing. It stands in the nominative because the verb is passive

  • a-stem neuter, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    अविकलम्

    printed फलमविकलं

    अविकल

    entire, with nothing missing — Mallinātha glosses समग्रम्

  • a-stem neuter, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    कामुकत्वस्य

    कामुकत्व, from कामुक with the suffix त्व

    of being a lover — Śabdārṇava's row of words for it, which Mallinātha quotes, runs from विलासी to रतिलम्पट, and he glosses the whole thing विलसितायाः. It is an abstract noun in -tva

  • √लभ्, class 1, लुट्, passive, third person singular

    लब्धा

    √लभ्

    will be got — the periphrastic future, which is an agent noun standing on its own: लब्धा, "a getter", with "is" understood. Mallinātha names the voice and supplies the agent: कर्मणि लुट्, and त्वया इति शेषः, by you

    लब्धा, “will be got”, is the periphrastic future, and it is the first in the poem. Sanskrit has two futures: the ordinary सि-future (लृट्), like पास्यसि here, and this second one (लुट्), used of what is to happen at a set later time. Its third-person singular is just the agent noun standing on its own — लब्धा, “a getter”, with “is” understood, no verb-ending added. Mallinātha reads it as passive and supplies the agent: कर्मणि लुट्, and त्वया इति शेषः, “by you”. So फलम्, the fruit, stands in the nominative as the thing that will be got, and “you” is left to be filled in.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.24: labdhā lapsyate | tvayeti śeṣaḥ || karmaṇi luṭ

  • a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम्

    printed तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगं

    सुभग

    pleasantly — the adverbial accusative, so it says how the drinking goes rather than what the water is like. The accusative stands as an adverb

  • √पा, class 1, लृट्, parasmaipada, second person singular

    पास्यसि

    √पा

    you will drink — Mallinātha names it: पिबतेर् लृट्, the future of the root that shows as पिब in the present

  • u-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    स्वादु

    स्वादु

    sweet — Mallinātha glosses मधुरम्

  • pronoun, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular

    यस्मात्

    यद्

    because — the ablative of the relative, standing for a whole clause. Mallinātha fills in the noun: यस्मात् कारणात्

  • a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    सभ्रूभङ्गम्

    printed सभ्रूभङ्गं

    भङ्ग

    a bending — of the brows, and the स- in front means the face comes with it. भङ्ग is masculine as a noun and neuter here, taking the gender of the मुखम् it describes

  • a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    मुखम्

    printed मुखमिव

    मुख

    a face — Mallinātha narrows it: अधरम् इव, like her lip. The whole comparison is a kiss

    The verse turns on one word said twice over. स्तनित is thunder — तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम्, the water made pleasant by the cloud's thunder along the bank — but Mallinātha says the word does double duty: स्तनित also names the low sound a woman makes in love, and cites the definition. So the second reading is there under the first: you drink the Vetravatī's rippling water sweetened by that low sound, as one drinks a lip (अधरम् इव) with the brows knit — सभ्रूभङ्गम्, the frown दशनपीडया, from the bite. The whole verse is a kiss described as a drink.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.24: stanitaśabdena bhaṇitamapi vyapadiśyate | mukhamivādharamivetyarthaḥ | sabhrūbhaṅgaṃ … daśanapīḍayeti bhāvaḥ

  • अव्यय

    इव

    printed मुखमिव

    इव

    like

  • as-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    पयः

    printed पयो

    पयस्

    water — the same word as at 1.13, where the cloud drank from the streams

  • ī-stem feminine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular

    वेत्रवत्याः

    printed वेत्रवत्याश्चलोर्मि

    वेत्रवती

    of the Vetravatī — the river now called the Betwa, named for the canes along it

  • i-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    चलोर्मि

    printed वेत्रवत्याश्चलोर्मि

    ऊर्मि

    a wave — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the water, not the waves. ऊर्मि is masculine as a noun and neuter here, taking the gender of the पयः it describes

तेषाम् · दिक्षु · प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम् · राजधानीम् · गत्वा · सद्यः · कामुकत्वस्य · अविकलम् · फलम् · लब्धा · यस्मात् · वेत्रवत्याः · चलोर्मि · स्वादु · पयः · सभ्रूभङ्गम् · मुखम् · इव · तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम् · पास्यसि

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”

the dependency structure

लब्धा · क्रिया — will be got; the periphrastic future, कर्मणि लुट् in Mallinātha's reading, with त्वया, “by you”, understood. The main clause the whole verse hangs on

फलम् · कर्म — the fruit, the whole point of the thing; it stands in the nominative because the verb is passive

अविकलम् · entire, with nothing missing — agreeing with फलम्, Mallinātha's समग्रम्

कामुकत्वस्य · षष्ठी — of being a lover; the abstract noun in -त्व whose reward this is

सद्यः · at once — the same word as at 1.16, and it does the same thing: the reward is immediate

गत्वा · having reached — the absolutive, Mallinātha's प्राप्य

राजधानीम् · कर्म — the capital, the chief city, reached

प्रथितविदिशालक्षणाम् · whose name, Vidiśā, is known — a bahuvrīhi agreeing with राजधानीम्

दिक्षु · सप्तमी — in every direction, where the name is known

तेषाम् · षष्ठी — of those, the Daśārṇas of the verse before, whose capital it is

पास्यसि · the reason hung beneath: because you will drink — यस्मात् opens the clause that says why the reward is entire

यस्मात् · हेतु — because; the ablative of the relative standing for a whole clause, Mallinātha's यस्मात् कारणात्

पयः · कर्म — the water, what you will drink

स्वादु · sweet — agreeing with पयः, Mallinātha's मधुरम्

चलोर्मि · with its ripples going — a bahuvrīhi agreeing with पयः

वेत्रवत्याः · षष्ठी — of the Vetravatī, the river now called the Betwa

तीरोपान्तस्तनितसुभगम् · क्रियाविशेषण — pleasantly, the accusative standing as an adverb of how the drinking goes

मुखम् · उपमान — like a face; Mallinātha narrows it to अधरम् इव, like her lip, so the drinking is a kiss

इव · like — the particle of comparison

सभ्रूभङ्गम् · with a frown on it — a bahuvrīhi agreeing with मुखम्, the brows knit दशनपीडया, from the bite

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī

Go to their capital, whose name — Vidiśā — is known in every direction, and the whole reward of being a lover will be yours at once: because you will drink the sweet, rippling water of the Vetravatī, pleasant with your own thunder along her bank, as one drinks a face with the brows knit.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss

Go to their capital, whose name — Vidiśā — is known in every direction, and the whole reward of being a lover will be yours at once: because you will drink the sweet, rippling water of the Vetravatī, made pleasant by your own thunder along her bank, as one drinks a face with the brows knit.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.24, whole-verse gloss

No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.