मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.3
रामगिरि · the brooding
तस्य स्थित्वा कथमपि पुरः कौतुकाधानहेतोः
अन्तर्बाष्पश्चिरमनुचरो राजराजस्य दध्यौ
मेघालोके भवति सुखिनोऽप्यन्यथावृत्ति चेतः
कण्ठाश्लेषप्रणयिनि जने किं पुनर्दूरसंस्थे
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
कथम् + अपि → कथमपि
म् + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अन्तर्बाष्पः + चिरम् → अन्तर्बाष्पश्चिरमनुचरो
ः + च्
चिरम् + अनुचरः → अन्तर्बाष्पश्चिरमनुचरो
म् + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
सुखिनः + अपि → सुखिनोऽप्यन्यथावृत्ति
ः + अ → ओ
अपि + अन्यथावृत्ति → सुखिनोऽप्यन्यथावृत्ति
इ + अ
किम् + पुनः → किं
म् + प्
पुनः + दूरसंस्थे → पुनर्दूरसंस्थे
ः + द्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
कौतुक + आधान → कौतुकाधानहेतोः
अ + आ → आ · falls inside the syllable का
आधान + हेतु → कौतुकाधानहेतोः
अ + ह्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अन्तर् + बाष्प → अन्तर्बाष्पः
र् + ब्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
राजन् + राज → राजराजस्य
न् + र्
मेघ + आलोक → मेघालोके
अ + आ → आ · falls inside the syllable घा
अन्यथा + वृत्ति → अन्यथावृत्ति
आ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
कण्ठ + आश्लेष → कण्ठाश्लेषप्रणयिनि
अ + आ → आ · falls inside the syllable ण्ठा
आश्लेष + प्रणयिन् → कण्ठाश्लेषप्रणयिनि
अ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
दूर + संस्थ → दूरसंस्थे
अ + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
The word-joins show the visarga at work three ways: बाष्पः + चिरम् → बाष्पश्चिरम् (a visarga before च becomes श्), सुखिनः + अपि → सुखिनोऽपि (before a vowel it becomes ओ, and the following अ is swallowed, marked by the avagraha ऽ), and पुनः + दूर → पुनर्दूर (before a voiced sound it becomes र्).
तस्य षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
with कौतुकाधानहेतोः
अनुचरः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
with अन्तर्बाष्पः
राजराजस्य षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
मेघालोके सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
सुखिनः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
चेतः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
with अन्यथावृत्ति
जने सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
with कण्ठाश्लेषप्रणयिनि, दूरसंस्थे
किम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्
प्रकरण 48 · शेषे
प्रकरण 59 · इवे प्रतिकृतौ
not in the abridgement
कौतुकाधानहेतोः
कौतुक · आधान · हेतु
कौतुकस्य आधानम्
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the planting of longing
कौतुकाधानस्य हेतुः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the cause of that planting
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with तस्य. the thing that plants longing in him — the cloud
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kautukādhānahetorabhilāṣotpādakāraṇasya”
अन्तर्बाष्पः
अन्तर् · बाष्प
अन्तः बाष्पः यस्य सः
बहुव्रीहि — [the man] whose tears are inside
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to अनुचरः. his tears held in — a man of dignified bearing does not spill them
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“antarbāṣpo dhīrodāttatvādantaḥ stambhitāśruḥ san”
राजराजस्य
राजन् · राज
राज्ञां राजा
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the king of kings — Kubera
तत्पुरुष. of Kubera, king over the yakṣas, who are themselves called kings
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“rājāno yakṣāḥ || rājñāṃ rājā rājarājaḥ kuberaḥ”
मेघालोके
मेघ · आलोक
मेघस्य आलोकः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the sight of a cloud
तत्पुरुष. when a cloud is seen
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī
अन्यथावृत्ति
अन्यथा · वृत्ति
अन्यथा वृत्तिः यस्य तत्
बहुव्रीहि — [the mind] whose working is otherwise
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to चेतः. no longer working the way it did
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“anyathābhūtā vṛttirvyāpāro yasya tadanyathāvṛtti”
कण्ठाश्लेषप्रणयिनि
कण्ठ · आश्लेष · प्रणयिन्
कण्ठस्य आश्लेषः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — an embrace round the neck
कण्ठाश्लेषस्य प्रणयी
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — longing for that embrace
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with जने. someone who wants arms round his neck
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kaṇṭhāśleṣapraṇayini kaṇṭhāliṅganārthini jane”
दूरसंस्थे
दूर · संस्थ
दूरे संस्था स्थितिः यस्य तस्मिन्
बहुव्रीहि — [in one] whose standing is far off
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to जने. in one who is far away
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“dūre saṃsthā sthitiryasya tasmindūrasaṃsthe sati”
pronoun, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
तस्य
तद्
of it — the cloud
√स्था + क्त्वा
स्थित्वा
स्थित्वा, from √स्था
having stood — the earlier of two actions with the same agent
अव्यय
कथम्
printed कथमपि
कथम्
somehow — and Mallinātha reads it as "with great effort"
अव्यय
अपि
printed कथमपि
अपि
even, also
अव्यय, governing the genitive
पुरः
पुरः
in front of
u-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
कौतुकाधानहेतोः
हेतु
cause — the whole compound describes the cloud he stands before
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
अन्तर्बाष्पः
printed अन्तर्बाष्पश्चिरमनुचरो
बाष्प
tears — held inside, the compound says
अन्तः बाष्पः यस्य सः, a bahuvrīhi: “the man whose tears are inside”. Mallinātha reads it as the mark of a धीरोदात्त, a man of grave and lofty bearing, who holds his tears in rather than letting them fall. It describes अनुचरः.
अव्यय
चिरम्
printed अन्तर्बाष्पश्चिरमनुचरो
चिरम्
for a long time
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
अनुचरः
printed अन्तर्बाष्पश्चिरमनुचरो
अनुचर
the attendant — which is what a yakṣa is to Kubera
a-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
राजराजस्य
राजराज
of the king of kings — Kubera, lord of wealth
√ध्यै, class 1, लिट्, parasmaipada, third person singular
दध्यौ
√ध्यै
he brooded — Mallinātha takes the root as ध्यै "to think", in the perfect
दध्यौ, “he brooded”, the perfect of √ध्यै “to think”. An आ-ending root reduplicates and the vowel turns to a diphthong before the ending: ध्यै → द-ध्यौ. Mallinātha takes the root as ध्यै rather than the look-alike ध्या.
a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
मेघालोके
आलोक
at the sight — a locative of the occasion: when a cloud is seen
√भू, class 1, लट्, parasmaipada, third person singular
भवति
√भू
becomes — the present, because this is what always happens
This second sentence is the figure अर्थान्तरन्यास at work: the particular case — the yakṣa standing there brooding — is propped up by a general truth, that the sight of a cloud unsettles even a contented mind. मेघालोके सुखिनः अपि चेतः अन्यथावृत्ति भवति; and किं पुनः, how much more so in one who longs for an embrace and is far from home. Mallinātha quotes Daṇḍin for the figure.
in-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
सुखिनः
printed सुखिनोऽप्यन्यथावृत्ति
सुखिन्
of a happy man — one who has happiness, an in-stem
अव्यय
अपि
printed सुखिनोऽप्यन्यथावृत्ति
अपि
even
i-stem neuter, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
अन्यथावृत्ति
printed सुखिनोऽप्यन्यथावृत्ति
अन्यथावृत्ति
otherwise in its working — the compound describes the mind
Two neuter endings sit side by side in this line. चेतः is an as-stem, its स् showing at a pause as the visarga चेतः; अन्यथावृत्ति is a neuter i-stem whose nominative singular shows no ending at all — the सु drops by luk (7.1.23), so the stem stands bare, “otherwise in its working”. The compound अन्यथा वृत्तिः यस्य तत् describes चेतः.
as-stem neuter, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
चेतः
चेतस्
the mind — an as-stem, whose s shows as visarga at the end of a word
in-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
कण्ठाश्लेषप्रणयिनि
प्रणयिन्
longing for — an in-stem, "having longing", agreeing with जने
a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
जने
जन
in a person — the locative again of the occasion
pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
किम्
printed किं
किम्
what — with पुनः, "how much more"
अव्यय
पुनः
printed पुनर्दूरसंस्थे
पुनः
moreover — किं पुनः together is "how much the more"
a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
दूरसंस्थे
printed पुनर्दूरसंस्थे
संस्थ
standing — the compound makes it "one who stands far off"
राजराजस्य · अनुचरः · अन्तर्बाष्पः · कौतुकाधानहेतोः · तस्य · पुरः · कथम् · अपि · स्थित्वा · चिरम् · दध्यौ · मेघालोके · सुखिनः · अपि · चेतः · अन्यथावृत्ति · भवति · कण्ठाश्लेषप्रणयिनि · दूरसंस्थे · जने · किम् · पुनः
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
दध्यौ · क्रिया — the verb the sentence turns on
अनुचरः · कर्ता — the agent
राजराजस्य · of the king of kings
अन्तर्बाष्पः · his tears held in
पुरः · in front of
तस्य · of it — the cloud
कौतुकाधानहेतोः · the cloud that plants longing
स्थित्वा · having first stood
कथम् · with great effort
अपि · even so
चिरम् · a long while
भवति · अर्थान्तरन्यास — the general truth that props it
चेतः · कर्ता — the mind
सुखिनः · even a happy man’s
अपि · even
अन्यथावृत्ति · turned about
मेघालोके · अधिकरण — at the sight of a cloud
किम् · how much more
पुनः · moreover
जने · अधिकरण — in a person
कण्ठाश्लेषप्रणयिनि · longing for an embrace
दूरसंस्थे · far away
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
There are two sentences here, not one. The first runs to दध्यौ — the servant, before the cloud, stood and brooded. The second is the general remark that turns on भवति, extended by किं पुनः into the yakṣa’s own case. The tree roots at दध्यौ and hangs the general sentence beneath it, since it is there to explain the first.
Kubera's attendant stood a long while, and with great effort, before the cloud that had planted this longing in him, his tears held in, and brooded. At the sight of a cloud even a man who has everything finds his mind turned about; how much more one who wants arms round his neck, and whose person is far away.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
The whole stanza is one particular and one general. Kubera’s servant stands a long while, his tears held in, before the very cloud that has stirred this longing, and broods. Then the poet generalises: a cloud unsettles even the happy — so what of a man who wants arms round his neck and is far from the one whose arms they are?
अर्थान्तरन्यास — a general truth set down beside the particular case it explains — the poem states something, then props it up with something else that accounts for it
The first half is the yakṣa standing there brooding; the second half is the general remark that clouds unsettle even the happy. The general sentence is there to carry the particular one. Mallinātha quotes Daṇḍin's definition for it.
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“jñeyaḥ so’rthāntaranyāso vastu prastutya kiñcana | tatsādhanasamarthasya nyāso yo’nyasya vastunaḥ”