मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 2.13

अलका · the horses, and the scars of Rāvaṇa's sword

पत्रश्यामा दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनो यत्र वाहाः

प
त्र
श्या
मा
दि
न
क
र
ह
य
स्प
र्धि
नो
य
त्र
वा
हाः

शैलोदग्रास्त्वमिव करिणो वृष्टिमन्तः प्रभेदात्

शै
लो
द
ग्रा
स्त्व
मि
व
क
रि
णो
वृ
ष्टि
म
न्तः
प्र
भे
दात्

योधाग्रण्यः प्रतिदशमुखं संयुगे तस्थिवांसः

यो
धा
ग्र
ण्यः
प्र
ति
द
श
मु
खं
सं
यु
गे
त
स्थि
वां
सः

प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयश्चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः

प्र
त्या
दि
ष्टा
भ
र
ण
रु
च
य
श्च
न्द्र
हा
स
व्र
णा
ङ्कैः

corrected pāda b reads त्वमिव करिणो वृष्टिमन्तः where the text prints त्वमिव वृष्टिमन्तः.

A word has dropped out. As printed the pāda is fourteen syllables where the metre wants seventeen, and the metre says only how many are missing, not which. Two witnesses supply the same word. vendor/dcs-meghaduta.txt, which carries the poem as Kale prints it, reads करिणः between इव and वृष्टिमन्तः; Mallinātha prints करिणो in his stanza and construes it in his commentary — करिणः प्रभेदान् मदस्रावाद्धेतोस्त्वमिव वृष्टिमन्तः, raining like you by reason of the rut flowing from their temples. The horses of Alakā are as tall as mountains and rain from their temples as elephants do. With the word the pāda is seventeen syllables weighing the full Mandākrāntā pattern, with no pādānta licence needed.

pāda a

  • पguruthe conjunct त्र that follows it
  • त्रguruthe conjunct श्य that follows it
  • श्याguruits long vowel आ
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • दिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यguruthe conjunct स्प that follows it
  • स्पguruthe conjunct र्ध that follows it
  • र्धिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नोguruits long vowel ओ
  • यguruthe conjunct त्र that follows it
  • त्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वाguruits long vowel आ
  • हाःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — पत्रश्यामा
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः

pāda b

  • शैguruits long vowel ऐ
  • लोguruits long vowel ओ
  • दguruthe conjunct ग्र that follows it
  • ग्राguruits long vowel आ
  • स्त्वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णोguruits long vowel ओ
  • वृguruthe conjunct ष्ट that follows it
  • ष्टिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मguruthe conjunct न्त that follows it
  • न्तःguruthe visarga it carries
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • भेguruits long vowel ए
  • दात्guruthe end of the pāda, which counts the last syllable heavy
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside the compound शैलोदग्राः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — करिणो

pāda c

  • योguruits long vowel ओ
  • धाguruits long vowel आ
  • ग्रguruthe conjunct ण्य that follows it
  • ण्यःguruthe visarga it carries
  • प्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • तिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • शlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • खंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • संguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • युlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • गेguruits long vowel ए
  • तguruthe conjunct स्थ that follows it
  • स्थिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • सःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — योधाग्रण्यः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — प्रतिदशमुखं

pāda d

  • प्रguruthe conjunct त्य that follows it
  • त्याguruits long vowel आ
  • दिguruthe conjunct ष्ट that follows it
  • ष्टाguruits long vowel आ
  • भlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • चlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • यguruthe conjunct श्च that follows it
  • श्चguruthe conjunct न्द्र that follows it
  • न्द्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हाguruits long vowel आ
  • सguruthe conjunct व्र that follows it
  • व्रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • णाguruits long vowel आ
  • ङ्कैःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside the compound प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः
  • पत्रश्यामाः + दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः → पत्रश्यामा

    ः + द्

  • दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः + यत्र → दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनो

    ः + य्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • शैलोदग्राः + त्वम् → शैलोदग्रास्त्वमिव

    ः + त्

  • त्वम् + इव → शैलोदग्रास्त्वमिव

    म् + इ

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • करिणः + वृष्टिमन्तः → करिणो

    ः + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • प्रतिदशमुखम् + संयुगे → प्रतिदशमुखं

    म् + स्

  • प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः + चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः → प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयश्चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः

    ः + च्

  • पत्र + श्याम → पत्रश्यामाः

    अ + श्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • दिनकर + हय → दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः

    अ + ह्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • हय + स्पर्धिन् → दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः

    अ + स्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • शैल + उदग्र → शैलोदग्राः

    अ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable लो

  • योध + अग्रणी → योधाग्रण्यः

    अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable धा

  • प्रति + दशन् → प्रतिदशमुखम्

    इ + द्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • दशन् + मुख → प्रतिदशमुखम्

    न् + म्

  • प्रत्यादिष्ट + आभरण → प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः

    अ + आ → आ · falls inside the syllable ष्टा

  • आभरण + रुचि → प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः

    अ + र्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • चन्द्रहास + व्रण → चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः

    अ + व्

    no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change

  • व्रण + अङ्क → चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः

    अ + अ → आ · falls inside the syllable णा

A visarga before a following voiced consonant is dropped by Pāṇini 8.3.17 भोभगो… and 8.3.22 हलि सर्वेषाम्: पत्रश्यामा दिनकर loses it before द्. A visarga before त् is kept as स् by 8.3.34 विसर्जनीयस्य सः: शैलोदग्रास्त्वम्, and before च् becomes श् with 8.4.40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः: प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयश्चन्द्रहास. Word-final म् becomes anusvāra before a consonant by 8.3.23 मोऽनुस्वारः: प्रतिदशमुखं संयुगे. Inside the compounds शैल-उदग्र gives ओ by 6.1.87 आद्गुणः, योध-अग्रणी and व्रण-अङ्क give आ by 6.1.101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः, and in दशमुख the न् of दशन् drops by 8.2.7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt
  • वाहाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with पत्रश्यामाः, दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः

  • त्वम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • करिणः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with शैलोदग्राः

  • वृष्टिमन्तः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • प्रभेदात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure

  • योधाग्रण्यः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः

  • संयुगे सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • तस्थिवांसः प्रथमा · nominative — विधेय — the perfect active participle 'having stood'

    तस्थिवांसः is the perfect active participle of √स्था, 'having stood'. The perfect (लिट्) is turned into a participle by the affix क्वसु, Pāṇini 3.2.107 क्वसुश्च, which gives the parasmaipada participle in -वस्; and its strong stem lengthens to तस्थिवांस् by 6.4.10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य, so the nominative plural is तस्थिवांसः. So a single word carries a completed past action forward into a present description — the warriors are still standing in the fight, which is what makes the figure of the stanza work.

    • Aṣṭādhyāyī — 3.2.107 क्वसुश्च; 6.4.10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य
  • चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 16 · स्वादिभ्यः श्नुः

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

not in the abridgement

पत्रश्यामाः

पत्र · श्याम

  1. पत्रम् इव श्यामाः

    कर्मधारय — dark as a leaf

कर्मधारय — it agrees with वाहाः. leaf-dark — Mallinātha glosses पलाशवर्णाः, 'of the colour of foliage', answering पत्र with पलाश, its synonym, so that the gloss changes the word and not the sense. **The colour is why the next compound follows**: he links them with अत एव, 'and for that very reason', because the sun's horses are green, and a horse the colour of leaves is a horse of the sun's colour

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses पत्रश्यामाः पलाशवर्णाः and joins the next compound to it with अत एव; the vigraha is the reader's“vāhā hayāḥ patraśyāmāḥ palāśavarṇā ata eva dinakarahayaspardhinaḥ”

दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः

दिनकर · हय · स्पर्धिन्

  1. दिनकरस्य हयाः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the sun's horses

  2. दिनकरहयैः स्पर्धिनः

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — rivalling them

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with वाहाः. matching the sun's own horses — and Mallinātha says in what: वर्णतो वेगतश्च सूर्याश्वकल्पाः, 'a match for the sun's horses in colour and in speed'. **The colour half is the argument and the speed half is the compliment.** दिनकर is 'the day-maker', which is the sun by what it does; स्पर्धिन् is from √स्पर्ध्, to contend, with the affix णिनि that makes a standing quality, and it governs the instrumental — so the sun's horses are what these are measured against and not what they are like

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनो वर्णतो वेगतश्च सूर्याश्वकल्पाः; the vigraha is the reader's“ata eva dinakarahayaspardhino varṇato vegataś ca sūryāśvakalpāḥ”

शैलोदग्राः

शैल · उदग्र

  1. शैलवद् उदग्राः

    कर्मधारय — high as a hill

कर्मधारय — it agrees with करिणः. mountain-high — Mallinātha gives शैलवदुन्नताः, using वत् to make the comparison explicit where the compound only puts the two words side by side. **It is the second comparison compound in two lines and the second built the same way**: a thing named, then a quality, and the reader left to supply 'like'. He supplies it both times, with इव's force in पलाशवर्णाः and with वत् here

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses शैलोदग्राः शैलवदुन्नताः; the vigraha is the reader's“tathā śailodagrāḥ śailavad unnatāḥ kariṇaḥ”

योधाग्रण्यः

योध · अग्रणी

  1. अग्रं नयन्तीति अग्रण्यः

    तत्पुरुष (accusative) — those who lead the front

  2. योधानाम् अग्रण्यः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the foremost of the fighters

तत्पुरुष. first among fighters — and Mallinātha spends two citations on the second member. First the derivation: अग्रं नयन्तीत्यग्रण्यः, 'they lead the front, hence agraṇī', with the affix क्विप् by Pāṇini 3.2.61 सत्सूद्विषद्रुहदुहयुजविदभिदच्छिदजिनीराजामुपसर्गेऽपि क्विप्, which lists twelve roots — √नी among them — that take an affix leaving no letter behind. Then the spelling: अग्रग्रामाभ्यां नयतेः इति वक्तव्यान्णत्वम्, 'the ṇa-substitution by the rule, which has to be supplied as a vārttika, that after अग्र and ग्राम the न् of √नī becomes ण्'. So the word is अग्रणी and not अग्रनी, and the authority for it is not in the Aṣṭādhyāyī but in what a grammarian added to it. **He glosses the sense in three words and spends four lines on how the word is spelled**

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who derives अग्रं नयन्तीत्यग्रण्यः with क्विप् and cites the vārttika अग्रग्रामाभ्यां नयतेः for the ण; `vendor/meghaduta-sanjivini.itx` prints the sūtra's pratīka as `satsru-` where it is सत्सू-, restored from Pāṇini 3.2.61 by way of skt-mcp“agraṃ nayantītyagraṇyaḥ || “satsūdviṣa-” ityādinā kvip || “agragrāmābhyāṃ nayateḥ” iti vaktavyān ṇatvam || yodhānām agrayo bhaṭaśreṣṭhāḥ”

प्रतिदशमुखम्

प्रति · दशन् · मुख

  1. दश मुखानि यस्य सः, दशमुखः

    बहुव्रीहि — the ten-faced one, Rāvaṇa

  2. दशमुखं प्रति, प्रतिदशमुखम्

    अव्ययीभाव — facing Rāvaṇa

अव्ययीभाव. up against the ten-faced one — Mallinātha answers it with another avyayībhāva of the same build, अभिरावणम्, swapping प्रति for अभि and the epithet for the name. **So he settles two things in one word**: that प्रति is the compound's first member and not a loose particle, and that दशमुख is Rāvaṇa. **DCS reads all three members as separate words** — प्रति as an indeclinable, दशन् as a numeral, मुखम् as a neuter accusative singular — which would make the line say the warriors stood 'at the ten faces' and leaves प्रति governing nothing

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who glosses प्रतिदशमुखम् अभिरावणम्; the vigraha is the reader's, following the shape of his gloss“saṃyuge yuddhe pratidaśamukham abhirāvaṇaṃ tasthivāṃsaḥ sthitavantaḥ”

प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः

प्रत्यादिष्ट · आभरण · रुचि

  1. आभरणानां रुचयः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the lustre of their ornaments

  2. प्रत्यादिष्टा आभरणरुचयो येषां ते

    बहुव्रीहि — the ones whose ornaments have been outshone

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to योधाग्रण्यः. whose jewellery has been put out of countenance — प्रत्यादिष्ट is प्रति + आ + √दिश्, and it is the word for turning a suitor away: what has been refused, sent back, superseded. The scars have superseded the ornaments. **Mallinātha says the whole thing in one sentence and does not call it a figure**: शस्त्रप्रहारा एव वीराणां भूषणमिति भावः, 'the sense is that weapon-strokes are the ornament of heroes'

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who closes शस्त्रप्रहारा एव वीराणां भूषणमिति भावः; his gloss of the first member is printed `pratividdha` in `vendor/meghaduta-sanjivini.itx`, 'pierced through', where what the compound needs is a word for 'set aside' — प्रतिषिद्ध would give it — and the run reads only what the sense requires, that the ornaments' lustre is displaced“pratyādiṣṭābharaṇarucayaḥ prati<viddha>bhūṣaṇakāntayaḥ | śastraprahārā eva vīrāṇāṃ bhūṣaṇam iti bhāvaḥ”

चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः

चन्द्रहास · व्रण · अङ्क

  1. चन्द्रहासस्य व्रणाः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the wounds Candrahāsa made

  2. व्रणा एव अङ्काः, तैः

    कर्मधारय — the wounds that are themselves the marks

कर्मधारय. by the mark-scars of Candrahāsa — and Mallinātha has to gloss the sword before he can gloss the compound: चन्द्रहासस्य रावणासेः, 'of Candrahāsa, Rāvaṇa's sword'. Then he cites Śāśvata for the word: चन्द्रहासो रावणासिरसिमात्रेऽपि च क्वचित् — 'candrahāsa is Rāvaṇa's sword, and sometimes any sword at all'. **The citation is there to rule out the second sense**: these are not sword-cuts in general, they are Rāvaṇa's. The middle relation is one of identity — the wound is the mark, not something the mark is on

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who identifies चन्द्रहास as रावणासि and cites Śāśvata; `vendor/meghaduta-sanjivini.itx` runs the vigraha's words together and its numbers do not agree — `vraNAn kShatAny evA~Nkash chihAni` — and prints `chihAni` for चिह्नानि, which has lost its न्, and `rAvaNAsAvasimAtre` in the citation for रावणासिरसिमात्रे, restored from his own रावणासेः two words earlier“ata eva candrahāsasya rāvaṇāser vraṇāḥ kṣatāny evāṅkāś cihnāni taiḥ || “candrahāso rāvaṇāsir asimātre ’pi ca kvacit” iti śāśvataḥ”

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    पत्रश्यामाः

    printed पत्रश्यामा

    श्याम

    dark — श्याम is the colour that covers dark green, dark blue and black, which is why one word can do for a leaf, a raincloud and Kṛṣṇa. Here Mallinātha fixes it on foliage with पलाशवर्णाः. The visarga drops before the द् of दिनकर by Pāṇini 8.3.22 हलि सर्वेषाम्, as it did twice in one line at 2.11

  • in-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः

    printed दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनो

    स्पर्धिन्, from √स्पर्ध् with णिनि

    rivalling — √स्पर्ध् is to contend for a thing someone else has, and the णिनि affix makes it a standing habit rather than an act, as it did for स्यन्दिन् at 2.9 and विभ्रंशिन् at 2.11. **Three stanzas running have used the same affix**, and each time the point is that the thing is like this always and not now. Here the table holds: the stem is masculine, and the in-stem masculine is the one declension skt-data has

  • अव्यय

    यत्र

    यत्र

    where — **and this is the one stanza of the canto where the commentator and the text do not fill it in the same way.** Mallinātha writes यत्र विशालायाम्: in Viśālā, which is Ujjayinī, because in his edition this stanza stands in the first canto among the stanzas he prints without numbers, in the middle of the Ujjayinī passage. This text prints it as 2.13, thirteen stanzas into the description of Alakā, where यत्र has meant Alakā eleven times. **The stanza itself decides nothing**, since it names no city; what it names is warriors who stood against Rāvaṇa in battle, and the story in which Rāvaṇa fought a city and took its flying chariot from its king is Alakā's, not Ujjayinī's. That is the reader's argument and not the commentator's

    The stanza names no city, and its two readers put it in two. Mallinātha writes यत्र विशालायाम् — in Viśālā, which is Ujjayinī — because in his edition this stanza stands in the first canto, among the three he prints without numbers after 1.31 and calls interpolated, in the middle of the Ujjayinī passage. This text prints it as 2.13, twelve stanzas into Alakā, where यत्र has meant Alakā every time. Nothing in the stanza settles it, and one thing outside it leans: the story of warriors scarred by Rāvaṇa's sword is Alakā's, because Rāvaṇa is Kubera's half-brother, took Alakā from him and took the flying chariot with it; there is no such fight at Ujjayinī. That is the reader's argument and not the commentator's.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.13: yatra viśālāyām
  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    वाहाः

    वाह

    the horses — वाह is from √वह्, to carry, so the word names a horse by its job, as नयन named an eye by its. Mallinātha replaces it at once with the plain हयाः, which is what he does when a word is a kenning rather than a name

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    शैलोदग्राः

    printed शैलोदग्रास्त्वमिव

    उदग्र

    towering — उद् + अग्र, 'with the point up', and Mallinātha reads it उन्नताः, raised high. The visarga becomes स् before the त् of त्वम्

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    त्वम्

    printed शैलोदग्रास्त्वमिव

    त्वद्

    you — the cloud, and **the first time he has been addressed since 2.9's त्वत्संरोधापगम**. Mallinātha marks the address by writing in the vocative the verse does not have: हे जलद, 'O raincloud'. The comparison it stands in is the poem's oldest one — an elephant in rut leaks from its temples as a cloud leaks rain — and the verse spends one word on it

  • अव्यय

    इव

    printed शैलोदग्रास्त्वमिव

    इव

    like — the only explicit mark of comparison in a stanza with three comparisons in it. The other two are compounds and leave the reader to supply the word; Mallinātha supplies it for them, with वर्णतो वेगतश्च for the horses and वत् for the elephants, and here the verse has already done it

  • in-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    करिणः

    printed करिणो

    करिन्

    the elephants — करिन् is 'the one with a hand', कर being both a hand and a trunk, so the name is a joke that stopped being one. It is the second in-stem of the line and the second whose table holds, both being masculine

  • at-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    वृष्टिमन्तः

    वृष्टिमत्, from वृष्टि with मतुप्

    raining — literally 'possessed of rain', with the affix मतुप् that says a thing has what the stem names. **The generator's one अत्-stem table is right here, and the reason is worth having**: that table is the भगवत् pattern, and भगवत् is a मतुप् word, so a मतुप् word is exactly what it is built for. At 2.6 a plain त्-stem noun took it and lost eight cells; at 2.10 a शतृ participle took it and lost one; here the word is the pattern's own kind and loses none. It is the मतुप् pattern

  • a-stem masculine, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular

    प्रभेदात्

    प्रभेद

    from the bursting — प्र + √भिद्, a splitting open, and Mallinātha says what splits: मदस्रावात्, 'from the flow of the rut-fluid'. A bull elephant in must leaks a dark liquid from the temples, and that is the whole of the resemblance to a raincloud. **The case is the ablative of cause, and he names it as he did at 2.11**: तस्माद्धेतोः there, हेतोः here, the same word two stanzas apart for the same construction

  • ī-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    योधाग्रण्यः

    अग्रणी, from अग्र + √नी with क्विप्

    the foremost — Mallinātha glosses भटश्रेष्ठाः, 'best of soldiers', and then spends the rest of his line proving the spelling. The affix क्विप् leaves no letter behind, so the stem is the bare root नी with अग्र in front of it, and the न् becomes ण् by a rule that is not Pāṇini's own but a vārttika supplied to him — which is why he says वक्तव्य, 'to be stated'. **The stem is a long ī in the masculine, and skt-data has no such class**: its list runs `i-masc`, `ii-fem`, and no `ii-masc`. The word carries no table, for the same reason `भू` carried none at 2.1

  • अव्यय

    प्रतिदशमुखम्

    printed प्रतिदशमुखं

    प्रतिदशमुखम्, an avyayībhāva on दशमुख

    facing Rāvaṇa — an avyayībhāva, which is a compound that comes out indeclinable and wears the neuter singular ending as a fixed part of itself rather than as a case. Mallinātha answers it with another of the same build, अभिरावणम्. **दशमुख, 'ten-faced', is the standard epithet**, and using it rather than the name puts the enemy in the line as a shape before he is a person

  • a-stem neuter, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    संयुगे

    संयुग

    in the battle — संयुग is from सम् + √युज्, a joining-together, and it means a fight because that is what two armies joining is. Mallinātha gives the plain युद्धे

  • √स्था + क्वसु, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    तस्थिवांसः

    तस्थिवस्, from √स्था with क्वसु

    having stood — the perfect active participle, built on the reduplicated perfect stem तस्थ- with the affix क्वसु. It is rare in classical Sanskrit and Mallinātha translates it out of existence, glossing स्थितवन्तः with the everyday क्तवतु affix instead. **The tense is what the stanza is for**: these warriors stood against Rāvaṇa once, long ago, and the participle keeps them standing there. **skt-data has no वस्-stem declension at all** — its consonant classes run अन्, इन्, अत्, अस्, इस्, उस् and stop

    तस्थिवांसः, 'having stood', is a perfect active participle, and it is what carries the figure. The perfect tense तस्थौ, 'he stood', is turned into a word that can qualify a noun by the affix क्वसु, Pāṇini 3.2.107 क्वसुश्च, and its strong stem lengthens to तस्थिवांस् by 6.4.10, giving the nominative plural तस्थिवांसः. A finite perfect would only report the standing as over; the participle keeps the warriors standing, present to the eye, in a battle fought in another age. That is exactly the work भाविक asks a word to do — to hold a past act open as though it were before you — and here a single grammatical form does it.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.13: pratidaśamukhaṃ saṃyuge tasthivāṃsaḥ
    • Aṣṭādhyāyī — 3.2.107 क्वसुश्च; 6.4.10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य
  • i-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः

    printed प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयश्चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः

    रुचि

    lustre — रुचि is from √रुच्, to shine, and it is what an ornament has rather than what it is. **A feminine noun ending a bahuvrīhi takes the gender of what the compound describes**, so this one is masculine, agreeing with the warriors; the nominative plural is रुचयः in either gender, so the change shows nowhere. Same shape as नाभि at 1.28 and आख्या at 2.10. The feminine रुचि takes the gender of the warriors at the end of a bahuvrīhi

    The last line is the whole point of the stanza in one word. प्रत्यादिष्ट is what you do to a suitor you refuse — you turn him away — and Mallinātha reads it of the fighters' ornaments: the scars of Candrahāsa, Rāvaṇa's sword, have turned the lustre of their jewellery away, प्रत्यादिष्टा आभरणरुचिः येषाम्, outshining it so that the gold is refused like a rejected suitor. He will not leave it implicit: शस्त्रप्रहारा एव वीराणां भूषणम् इति भावः, 'the sense is that weapon-strokes are the ornament of heroes'. So the horses and elephants of the first two sentences are Alakā's magnificence, and the warriors of the third are what that magnificence is founded on — a war remembered in the scars its heroes wear instead of jewels.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.13: śastraprahārā eva vīrāṇāṃ bhūṣaṇam
  • a-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural

    चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः

    printed प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयश्चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः

    अङ्क

    marks — अङ्क is a brand, a stamp, a mark put on to be read; the word for a chapter of a play is the same. Mallinātha glosses चिह्नानि. **The instrumental is what does the outshining**: the scars are the agent of प्रत्यादिष्ट, so the last word of the stanza is what displaced the jewellery in its first

यत्र · वाहाः · पत्रश्यामाः · दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः · शैलोदग्राः · करिणः · प्रभेदात् · त्वम् · इव · वृष्टिमन्तः · योधाग्रण्यः · संयुगे · प्रतिदशमुखम् · तस्थिवांसः · प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः · चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary runs as anvaya. He puts each subject in front of its epithets — वाहाः before पत्रश्यामाः, करिणः after शैलोदग्राः — where the verse puts every epithet first, and he moves संयुगे in front of प्रतिदशमुखम् so that the battle is named before the enemy in it. **He supplies no word of the sentence**, for the fourth stanza running; what he supplies is outside it — the vocative हे जलद, which the verse never has, and the antecedent विशालायाम्, which is the one thing in his reading this text does not share“he jalada, yatra viśālāyāṃ vāhā hayāḥ patraśyāmāḥ … tathā śailodagrāḥ … kariṇaḥ prabhedān … tvam iva vṛṣṭimantaḥ … yodhānām agrayo bhaṭaśreṣṭhāḥ saṃyuge yuddhe pratidaśamukham abhirāvaṇaṃ tasthivāṃsaḥ sthitavantaḥ … pratyādiṣṭābharaṇarucayaḥ … taiḥ”

the dependency structure

दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः · विधेय — a match for the sun's own horses, दिनकरस्य हयैः स्पर्धिनः; the predicate of the first of three sentences of one shape. The verse has no finite verb, and the tree roots at this predicate

यत्र · अधिकरण — where, यत्रालकायाम्; the relative, which has meant Alakā through the canto

वाहाः · उद्देश्य — the horses, the subject of the first sentence

पत्रश्यामाः · agreeing with वाहाः — leaf-dark, पत्रवत् श्यामाः; the second predicate of the first sentence

वृष्टिमन्तः · विधेय — raining, वृष्टिः येषाम्; the predicate of the second sentence, coordinate with the first

करिणः · उद्देश्य — the elephants, the subject of the second sentence

शैलोदग्राः · agreeing with करिणः — mountain-high, शैलवत् उदग्राः

त्वम् · उपमान — you, the cloud; the standard the elephants' raining is likened to

इव · उपमावाचक — like; the one particle of comparison in the stanza

प्रभेदात् · अपादान — from the bursting of the temples, प्रभेदात्; the rut-fluid the elephants shed as a cloud sheds rain

तस्थिवांसः · विधेय — having stood, तस्थिवांसः; a perfect active participle, the predicate of the third sentence, coordinate

योधाग्रण्यः · उद्देश्य — the foremost of the fighters, योधानाम् अग्रण्यः; the subject of the third sentence

प्रत्यादिष्टाभरणरुचयः · agreeing with योधाग्रण्यः — the lustre of their jewellery turned away, प्रत्यादिष्टा आभरणरुचिः येषाम्; the second predicate of the third sentence

चन्द्रहासव्रणाङ्कैः · करण — by the scar-marks of Candrahāsa, चन्द्रहासस्य व्रणाङ्कैः; Rāvaṇa's sword, whose scars outshine the ornaments

संयुगे · अधिकरण — in the battle, युद्धे; where they stood

प्रतिदशमुखम् · क्रियाविशेषण — facing the ten-faced one, दशमुखं प्रति; against Rāvaṇa

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya, the reading and the figure, which he places at Ujjayinī (यत्र विशालायाम्), names भाविक with a back-reference to the stanza this text numbers 1.33, and reads प्रत्यादिष्ट as weapon-strokes being the ornament of heroes; the placement at Alakā and the Rāvaṇa argument are the reader's. The stanza has no finite verb; its tree roots at the predicate दिनकरहयस्पर्धिनः and the role says so.

Where the horses are leaf-dark and a match for the sun's own, where the elephants stand mountain-high and rain like you from their burst temples, and where the first of the fighters, who stood against the ten-faced one in battle, wear their jewellery outshone by the scars of Candrahāsa. **The stanza names no city, and its two readers put it in two.** Mallinātha writes यत्र विशालायाम् — in Viśālā, which is Ujjayinī — because in his edition this stanza stands in the first canto, among the three he prints without numbers after 1.31 and calls interpolated, in the middle of the Ujjayinī passage. This text prints it as 2.13, twelve stanzas into Alakā, where यत्र has meant Alakā every time. Nothing in the stanza settles it, and one thing outside it leans: the story of warriors scarred by Rāvaṇa's sword is Alakā's story, because Rāvaṇa is Kubera's half-brother, took Alakā from him and took the flying chariot with it. There is no such fight at Ujjayinī. That is the reader's argument and not the commentator's. **What he does name is the figure, and he names it with an 'also'**: अत्रापि भाविकालङ्कारः, 'here too the figure is bhāvika'. भाविक is vividness — something past or still to come set in front of the eye as though it were happening — and the stanza he means by 'too' is the one this text numbers 1.33, which carries the same figure and his quotation of the handbooks' definition. In his edition the two stanzas are neighbours. In this one they are forty-five apart, in different cantos, and the अपि is the thread between them. **The last line is the whole point of the stanza in one word.** प्रत्यादिष्ट is what you do to a suitor you refuse: the scars have turned the ornaments away. Mallinātha will not leave it implicit — शस्त्रप्रहारा एव वीराणां भूषणमिति भावः, 'the sense is that weapon-strokes are the ornament of heroes'.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss; the reading of यत्र as Viśālā, the derivation of अग्रणी with क्विप् and the vārttika for its ण, the identification of दशमुख as Rāvaṇa and of चन्द्रहास as his sword with Śāśvata behind it, the naming of भाविक with अपि, and the closing sentence about weapon-strokes are his. The argument that the Rāvaṇa story belongs to Alakā rather than to Ujjayinī is the reader's“he jalada, yatra viśālāyām … pratidaśamukham abhirāvaṇaṃ tasthivāṃsaḥ … śastraprahārā eva vīrāṇāṃ bhūṣaṇam iti bhāvaḥ | atrāpi bhāvikālaṅkāraḥ”

Where the horses are leaf-dark and a match for the sun's own, where the elephants stand mountain-high and rain like you from their burst temples, and where the first of the fighters, who stood against the ten-faced one in battle, wear their jewellery outshone by the scars of Candrahāsa. Three sentences — horses, elephants, warriors — and the one simile in the stanza is the elephants' raining, त्वम् इव, 'like you', the rut-fluid of a great elephant likened to the water of a cloud. The stanza is the last of the twelve that describe Alakā, and it closes the city not on a pleasure but on a war: the scars of Rāvaṇa's sword, worn where jewels would be.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 2.13, whole-verse gloss

भाविक — The figure of vividness: something past or still to come is set in front of the eye as though it were happening, and what carries it is the sheer wonder of the thing told. Mallinātha does not define it here — he defined it at the stanza this text numbers 1.33, quoting अतीतानागते यत्र प्रत्यक्षत्वेन लक्षिते । अत्यद्भुतार्थकथनाद्भाविकं तदुदाहृतम्, "where past and future are marked as seen, by the telling of a matter past all wonder, that is called bhāvika" — and here he only names it, with अपि.

अत्रापि भाविकालङ्कारः, "here too the figure is bhāvika", is a back-reference, and what it points back to is 1.33: in his edition the two stanzas stand next to each other among the unnumbered ones after 1.31, and in this text they are forty-five verses and one canto apart. So the अपि is evidence about the arrangement as well as about the figure. What makes it bhāvika is the third pāda: a fight that happened in another age is not reported but shown, with the warriors still standing in it — तस्थिवांसः, the perfect participle, holds them there — and the marks of it still on them in the fourth. The stanza has no finite verb at all, which is why nothing in it is ever over.

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, who names it अत्रापि भाविकालङ्कारः in a stanza he prints in the first canto without a number; the definition is the one he quotes at 1.33“atrāpi bhāvikālaṅkāraḥ”