printलघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी — practise the grammar

मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.8

रामगिरि · the wives who look up

त्वामारूढं पवनपदवीमुद्गृहीतालकान्ताः

त्वा
मा
रू
ढं
प
व
न
प
द
वी
मु
द्गृ
ही
ता
ल
का
न्ताः

प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते पथिकवनिताः प्रत्ययादाश्वसत्यः

प्रे
क्षि
ष्य
न्ते
प
थि
क
व
नि
ताः
प्र
त्य
या
दा
श्व
स
त्यः

कः संनद्धे विरहविधुरां त्वय्युपेक्षेत जायां

कः
सं
न
द्धे
वि
र
ह
वि
धु
रां
त्व
य्यु
पे
क्षे
त
जा
यां

न स्यादन्योऽप्यहमिव जनो यः पराधीनवृत्तिः

न
स्या
द
न्यो
ऽप्य
ह
मि
व
ज
नो
यः
प
रा
धी
न
वृ
त्तिः

alternate reading प्रत्ययादाश्वसन्त्यः — for the end of pāda b, from syllable 11. Shown, not analysed.

pāda a

  • त्वाguruits long vowel आ
  • माguruits long vowel आ
  • रूguruits long vowel ऊ
  • ढंguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • दlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वीguruits long vowel ई
  • मुguruthe conjunct द्ग that follows it
  • द्गृlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हीguruits long vowel ई
  • ताguruits long vowel आ
  • लlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • काguruits long vowel आ
  • न्ताःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — त्वामारूढं
  • yati after 10 — it falls inside the compound पवनपदवीम्

pāda b

  • प्रेguruits long vowel ए
  • क्षिguruthe conjunct ष्य that follows it
  • ष्यguruthe conjunct न्त that follows it
  • न्तेguruits long vowel ए
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • थिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • कlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • निlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • ताःguruthe visarga it carries
  • प्रguruthe conjunct त्य that follows it
  • त्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • याguruits long vowel आ
  • दाguruits long vowel आ
  • श्वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • सguruthe conjunct त्य that follows it
  • त्यःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — पथिकवनिताः

pāda c

  • कःguruthe visarga it carries
  • संguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • नguruthe conjunct द्ध that follows it
  • द्धेguruits long vowel ए
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • विlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • धुlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • रांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • त्वguruthe conjunct य्य that follows it
  • य्युlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • पेguruits long vowel ए
  • क्षेguruits long vowel ए
  • तlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जाguruits long vowel आ
  • यांguruthe anusvāra it carries
  • yati after 4 — a word ends here — संनद्धे
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — विरहविधुरां

pāda d

  • नguruthe conjunct स्य that follows it
  • स्याguruits long vowel आ
  • दguruthe conjunct न्य that follows it
  • न्योguruits long vowel ओ
  • ऽप्यlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • हlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • मिlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • जlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • नोguruits long vowel ओ
  • यःguruthe visarga it carries
  • पlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • राguruits long vowel आ
  • धीguruits long vowel ई
  • नlaghuits short vowel, with a single consonant after it
  • वृguruthe conjunct त्त that follows it
  • त्तिःguruthe visarga it carries
  • yati after 4 — it falls inside अन्यः
  • yati after 10 — a word ends here — जनो

The third and fourth pādas fuse a whole run: स्यादन्योऽप्यहमिव, from स्यात् + अन्यः + अपि + अहम् + इव. स्यात् voices its त् to द् before the vowel; अन्यः + अपि makes अन्योऽप् — the visarga and अ become ओ and the following अ drops (ऽ); अपि + अहम् makes अप्यहम्, the इ turning to य् before the vowel. Elsewhere the anusvāra rule runs, विरहविधुरां त्वयि, जायां न, and म् stays म् before a vowel in त्वामारूढं and पवनपदवीमुद्गृहीत.

  • Chinnaya Sūri, Bālavyākaraṇam — సంధిపరిచ్ఛేదము; vendor/balavyakaranam-sandhi.txt

  • त्वाम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • आरूढम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • पवनपदवीम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

  • पथिकवनिताः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with उद्गृहीतालकान्ताः

  • प्रत्ययात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure

  • आश्वसत्यः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • कः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • संनद्धे सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location

  • त्वयि सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण — the locative of a whole absolute clause

    त्वयि संनद्धे is a locative absolute (सति सप्तमी): both words stand in the seventh case not to mark place but to carry a clause of their own, “you being girt for work”, that sets the condition for the main sentence. The head is the participle संनद्धे and त्वयि agrees with it.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.7–1.8: tvayi saṃnaddhe iti sati saptamī

  • जायाम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object

    with विरहविधुराम्

  • अन्यः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • अहम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

  • जनः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

    with पराधीनवृत्तिः

  • यः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent

प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्

  • हलन्त्यम् 1.3.3← प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते; आश्वसत्यः; उपेक्षेत; स्यात्
  • तस्य लोपः 1.3.9← आरूढम्; प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते; आश्वसत्यः; संनद्धे; उपेक्षेत; स्यात्; अन्यः; जनः; पराधीनवृत्तिः
  • सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् 1.4.14← आरूढम्; प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते; आश्वसत्यः; संनद्धे; उपेक्षेत; स्यात्

प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि

प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः

प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि

प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्

प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः

प्रकरण 9 · नहो धः

प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्

प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः

प्रकरण 13 · अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः

प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ

प्रकरण 48 · शेषे

प्रकरण 59 · इवे प्रतिकृतौ

प्रकरण 60 · स्त्रियाम्

not in the abridgement

  • अ अ 8.4.68← आरूढम्; प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते; आश्वसत्यः; संनद्धे; उपेक्षेत

पवनपदवीम्

पवन · पदवी

  1. पवनस्य पदवी

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the wind’s road — the sky

तत्पुरुष. the road the wind takes

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“pavanapadavīmākāśam”

उद्गृहीतालकान्ताः

उद्गृहीत · अलक · अन्त

  1. अलकानाम् अन्ताः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the ends of the hair

  2. उद्गृहीताः अलकान्ताः याभिः ताः

    बहुव्रीहि — [the women] by whom the ends of their hair are held up

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to पथिकवनिताः. holding their hair back off their faces — they tilt their heads up to see, and the hair has to be got out of the way

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“udgṛhītālakāntā dṛṣṭiprasārārthamunnamayya dhṛtālakāgrāḥ satyaḥ”

पथिकवनिताः

पथिक · वनिता

  1. पथिकानां वनिताः

    तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the wives of travellers

तत्पुरुष. women whose husbands are away on the road

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“teṣāṃ vanitāḥ proṣitabhartṛkāḥ”

विरहविधुराम्

विरह · विधुरा

  1. विरहेण विधुराम्

    तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — distraught with separation

तत्पुरुष — it agrees with जायाम्. undone by being parted from him

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“viraheṇa vidhurāṃ vivaśāṃ”

पराधीनवृत्तिः

पर · अधीन · वृत्ति

  1. परेषु अधीना

    तत्पुरुष (locative) — dependent on others

  2. पराधीना वृत्तिः यस्य सः

    बहुव्रीहि — [the man] whose living is in another’s hands

बहुव्रीहि — it refers to जनः. someone whose life is not his own to dispose of — which is the yakṣa’s position exactly

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“yo jano’hamiva parādhīnavṛttiḥ parāyattajīvanako na syāt”

  • pronoun, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    त्वाम्

    printed त्वामारूढं

    त्वद्

    you

  • √रुह् + क्त, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    आरूढम्

    printed त्वामारूढं

    आरूढ, from आ + √रुह्

    mounted on, having climbed — agreeing with त्वाम्, and taking the road as its object

  • ī-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    पवनपदवीम्

    printed पवनपदवीमुद्गृहीतालकान्ताः

    पदवी

    road, track — and the compound makes it the wind’s, which is the sky

  • ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    उद्गृहीतालकान्ताः

    printed पवनपदवीमुद्गृहीतालकान्ताः

    अन्ता, the feminine अन्त becomes at the end of a bahuvrīhi describing women

    ends, tips — of the hair, and inside a bahuvrīhi describing the women, so the whole is feminine. अन्त is an a-stem masculine as a noun and takes the feminine ā at the end of a bahuvrīhi describing women, so it declines as अन्ता — the shift हस्त makes at 1.37

    उद्गृहीतालकान्ताः, “their hair-ends held up”, a bahuvrīhi describing the women: they tilt their heads back to watch the cloud and have to gather the hair off their faces. अन्त, “end, tip”, is an a-stem masculine as a noun, but at the close of a bahuvrīhi describing women it takes the feminine आ and declines as अन्ता, so the whole compound is feminine plural to agree with the wives.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.8: udgṛhītāḥ alakāntāḥ yābhiḥ

  • √ईक्ष्, class 1, लृट्, atmanepada, third person plural

    प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते

    √ईक्ष्

    they will look up at — the future, and the middle voice, because √ईक्ष् takes it

    प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते, “they will look up at”, the future (लृट्) of प्र + √ईक्ष्, third person plural, and middle voice (ātmanepada) — √ईक्ष् is one of the roots that conjugate in the middle only, so the ending is the middle न्ते, not the active. The future is what makes the whole scene a promise: as you cross, the wives will lift their eyes.

    • Bālānandinī (LSK, Telugu) — तिङन्त लृट् / आत्मनेपद प्रकरणम्; vendor/balanandini-lsk-telugu-ocr.txt

  • ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    पथिकवनिताः

    वनिता

    women — and the compound says whose: the travellers’, left at home

  • a-stem masculine, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular

    प्रत्ययात्

    printed प्रत्ययादाश्वसत्यः

    प्रत्यय

    out of trust — that their husbands will come, Mallinātha says, since the rains end the travelling season

  • √श्वस् + शतृ + ङीप्, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural

    आश्वसत्यः

    printed प्रत्ययादाश्वसत्यः

    आश्वसती, from आ + √श्वस्

    taking heart — a present participle made feminine, agreeing with the women

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    कः

    किम्

    who — and the answer is no one

  • √नह् + क्त, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    संनद्धे

    संनद्ध, from सम् + √नह्

    girt, ready for work — with त्वयि a locative absolute: "you being at it"

    त्वयि संनद्धे, “you being at work”, is a locative absolute — two words in the seventh case standing for a whole clause of circumstance, “with you girt and ready”. Sanskrit uses the seventh case this way (सति सप्तमी) where English uses “with … -ing”. It sets the condition under which the rhetorical question is asked: with such a cloud abroad, who could neglect his wife?

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.8: tvayi saṃnaddhe udyukte

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    विरहविधुराम्

    printed विरहविधुरां

    विधुरा

    distraught — Mallinātha glosses विवशाम्, past helping herself

  • pronoun, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular

    त्वयि

    printed त्वय्युपेक्षेत

    त्वद्

    you — in the locative absolute

  • √ईक्ष्, class 1, विधिलिङ्, atmanepada, third person singular

    उपेक्षेत

    printed त्वय्युपेक्षेत

    √ईक्ष्

    would overlook, would leave to herself — the optative of what no one would do

  • ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular

    जायाम्

    printed जायां

    जाया

    his wife

  • अव्यय

    न

    न

    not

  • √अस्, class 2, विधिलिङ्, parasmaipada, third person singular

    स्यात्

    printed स्यादन्योऽप्यहमिव

    √अस्

    there would be — the optative of √अस्

  • ḍatarādi masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    अन्यः

    printed स्यादन्योऽप्यहमिव

    अन्य

    another

  • अव्यय

    अपि

    printed स्यादन्योऽप्यहमिव

    अपि

    even

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    अहम्

    printed स्यादन्योऽप्यहमिव

    अस्मद्

    I

  • अव्यय

    इव

    printed स्यादन्योऽप्यहमिव

    इव

    like

  • a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    जनः

    printed जनो

    जन

    a person

  • pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    यः

    यद्

    who — the relative picking up जनः

  • i-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular

    पराधीनवृत्तिः

    वृत्ति

    living, way of life — inside a bahuvrīhi, so it describes the man

    पराधीनवृत्तिः, “whose way of living is in another’s hands”, a bahuvrīhi describing the one man who might, like the yakṣa, leave his wife to herself — not from indifference but because his life is not his own to dispose of. वृत्ति, “conduct, livelihood”, is an i-stem feminine noun inside the compound, and the compound turns masculine to describe जनः, the person. The line names the speaker’s own case without naming him.

    • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.8: parādhīnā vṛttir yasya saḥ

पवनपदवीम् · आरूढम् · त्वाम् · उद्गृहीतालकान्ताः · प्रत्ययात् · आश्वसत्यः · पथिकवनिताः · प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते · त्वयि · संनद्धे · कः · विरहविधुराम् · जायाम् · उपेक्षेत · यः · अहम् · इव · पराधीनवृत्तिः · अन्यः · अपि · जनः · न · स्यात्

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”

the dependency structure

प्रेक्षिष्यन्ते · क्रिया — they will look up at

पथिकवनिताः · कर्ता — the travellers’ wives

उद्गृहीतालकान्ताः · holding their hair back off their faces — a bahuvrīhi describing them

आश्वसत्यः · taking heart — a present participle agreeing with them

प्रत्ययात् · हेतु — out of trust their husbands will come

त्वाम् · कर्म — you

आरूढम् · mounted on — a participle agreeing with त्वाम्

पवनपदवीम् · कर्म — the wind’s road, the sky

उपेक्षेत · the second sentence, hung beneath the verb: who would overlook

कः · कर्ता — who (and the answer is no one)

जायाम् · कर्म — his wife

विरहविधुराम् · undone by separation — agreeing with जायाम्

संनद्धे · you being at work — a locative absolute

त्वयि · अधिकरण — with you

स्यात् · the third sentence, hung beneath: unless there would be

जनः · कर्ता — a person

अन्यः · some other — agreeing with जनः

अपि · even

यः · relative picking up जनः

पराधीनवृत्तिः · whose life is not his own — a bahuvrīhi describing the man

अहम् · like me

इव · like

न · not

uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī

Travellers’ wives will look up at you as you take the wind’s road, holding their hair back off their faces, taking heart because now their husbands must come home. With you at work, who would leave a wife undone by separation to herself? — unless there is some other man whose life, like mine, is not his own.

uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss

Travellers’ wives will look up at you as you take the wind’s road, holding their hair back off their faces, taking heart because now their husbands must come home. With you at work, who would leave a wife undone by separation to herself? — unless there is some other man whose life, like mine, is not his own.

  • Mallinātha, Sañjīvinī — 1.8, whole-verse gloss

अर्थान्तरन्यास — a general truth set beside the particular case, each propping up the other — cause and effect, or the general and the special

The women looking up is the particular thing; the last two lines turn it into a rule about anyone with a wife and a will of his own. Mallinātha names the figure and quotes the definition that has it work between the general and the special.

uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“atrārthāntaranyāso’laṅkāraḥ | kāryakāraṇasāmānyaviśeṣāṇāṃ parasparaṃ samarthanaṃ yatra so’rthāntaranyāsa udāhṛtaḥ”