मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.25
नीचैराख्य · the hill of stone chambers
नीचैराख्यं गिरिमधिवसेस्तत्र विश्रामहेतोः
त्वत्सम्पर्कात् पुलकितमिव प्रौढपुष्पैः कदम्बैः
यः पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिर्नागराणां
उद्दामानि प्रथयति शिलावेश्मभिर्यौवनानि
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
नीचैराख्यम् + गिरिम् → नीचैराख्यं
म् + ग्
गिरिम् + अधिवसेः → गिरिमधिवसेस्तत्र
म् + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अधिवसेः + तत्र → गिरिमधिवसेस्तत्र
ः + त्
पुलकितम् + इव → पुलकितमिव
म् + इ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः + नागराणाम् → पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिर्नागराणां
ः + न्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
शिलावेश्मभिः + यौवनानि → शिलावेश्मभिर्यौवनानि
ः + य्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
नीचैस् + आख्या → नीचैराख्यम्
स् + आ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
विश्राम + हेतु → विश्रामहेतोः
अ + ह्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
त्वद् + सम्पर्क → त्वत्सम्पर्कात्
द् + स्
प्रौढ + पुष्प → प्रौढपुष्पैः
अ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
पण्य + स्त्री → पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः
अ + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
स्त्री + रति → पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः
ई + र्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
रति + परिमल → पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः
इ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
परिमल + उद्गारिन् → पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः
अ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable लो
शिला + वेश्मन् → शिलावेश्मभिः
आ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
नीचैराख्यं गिरिम् keeps the म् as अनुस्वार before the consonant ग्, and गिरिमधिवसेः keeps it unchanged before the vowel अ. अधिवसेस्तत्र shows a visarga going to स्: the visarga of अधिवसेः stands before the hard dental त्, and before a dental खर् sound the visarga becomes स् (विसर्जनीयस्य सः). The other two visargas go to र् before voiced sounds: पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिर्नागराणाम् before न्, and शिलावेश्मभिर्यौवनानि before य्. The name itself, नीचैराख्यम्, is नीचैस् + आख्या, the स् of the adverb नीचैस् softening to र् before the vowel.
गिरिम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म — a direct object where the sense is “settle on the hill”, because of the prefix अधि
with नीचैराख्यम्
√वस्, “to dwell”, would put the place of dwelling in the locative: गिरौ, “on the hill”. But with the prefixes उप, अनु, अधि or आ, the place of dwelling is made a direct object instead, and stands in the accusative. Mallinātha spells it out — गिरौ वसेरित्यर्थः, “it means ‘dwell on the hill’” — and names the rule: “उपान्वध्याङ्वसः” इति कर्मत्वम्, the sūtra that makes the place a कर्म. So गिरिम् is accusative though the hill is where the cloud stays, not what it acts on.
विश्रामहेतोः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
त्वत्सम्पर्कात् पञ्चमी · ablative — अपादान, the point of departure
पुलकितम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
कदम्बैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
with प्रौढपुष्पैः
यः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
नागराणाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
उद्दामानि द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
शिलावेश्मभिः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
with पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः
यौवनानि द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
गिरिम् is a direct object where the sense is “settle on the hill”: the prefix अधि on √वस् makes the place of dwelling a कर्म. See the role note.
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 10 · अहन्
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
not in the abridgement
नीचैराख्यम्
नीचैस् · आख्या
नीचैः इति आख्या यस्य तम्
बहुव्रीहि — the one whose name is "Nīcaiḥ"
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to गिरिम्. the hill called Nīcaiḥ — the name means "low", which is a joke the verse then spends three lines undoing
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“nīcairityākhyā yasya taṃ nīcairākhyaṃ girimadhivaseḥ”
विश्रामहेतोः
विश्राम · हेतु
विश्रामस्य हेतोः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — for the sake of rest
तत्पुरुष. to rest — Mallinātha glosses विश्राम as खेदापनय, the taking away of tiredness, and names the rule that puts a cause in the genitive rather than the ablative
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“viśrāmo viśramaḥ khedāpanayaḥ … tasya hetoḥ | viśrāmārthamityarthaḥ || “ṣaṣṭhī hetuprayoge” iti ṣaṣṭhī”
त्वत्सम्पर्कात्
त्वद् · सम्पर्क
तव सम्पर्कात्
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — from contact with you
तत्पुरुष. from your touch — Mallinātha glosses तव सङ्गात्. The cloud settling on the hill is what makes it shiver
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“tvatsamparkāttava saṅgāt”
प्रौढपुष्पैः
प्रौढ · पुष्प
प्रौढानि पुष्पाणि येषां तैः
बहुव्रीहि — by the ones whose flowers are full out
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to कदम्बैः. kadambas in full flower — Mallinātha glosses प्रबुद्धकुसुमैः, their flowers awake. The kadamba's round bristling head is what the comparison needs
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“prauḍhapuṣpaiḥ prabuddhakusumaiḥ kadambairnīpavṛkṣaiḥ”
पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः
पण्य · स्त्री · रति · परिमल · उद्गारिन्
पण्याः स्त्रियः
कर्मधारय — women who are bought — Śabdārṇava's row of words for them ends in रूपजीविनी, one who lives by her looks
पण्यस्त्रीणां रतयः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — and their lovemaking
रतीनां परिमलः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the scent it leaves — Amara defines परिमल as the smell that comes of pressing, and is pleasing
परिमलम् उद्गिरन्ति इति परिमलोद्गारीणि
तत्पुरुष (accusative) — and the chambers that give it off
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with शिलावेश्मभिः. breathing out the scent left by townsmen and the women they pay — Mallinātha defends the word उद्गार, quoting Daṇḍin: a coarse word in a figurative sense is not coarse, and can be the making of a poem
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“tāsāṃ ratiṣu yaḥ parimalo gandhaviśeṣaḥ … tamudgirantyāviṣkurvantīti tathoktāni taiḥ”
शिलावेश्मभिः
शिला · वेश्मन्
शिलानां वेश्मानि
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — houses made of rock
तत्पुरुष. the stone chambers — Mallinātha glosses कन्दरैः, the caves in the hillside, which the townsmen use as rooms
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“śilāveśmabhiḥ kandaraiḥ”
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
नीचैराख्यम्
printed नीचैराख्यं
आख्या
a name — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the hill that carries it. आख्या is an ā-stem feminine as a noun and takes the masculine in -a here, with the गिरिम् it describes
i-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
गिरिम्
printed गिरिमधिवसेस्तत्र
गिरि
the hill — in the accusative, not the locative, because of the prefix on the verb: Mallinātha names the rule
√वस्, class 1, विधिलिङ्, parasmaipada, second person singular
अधिवसेः
printed गिरिमधिवसेस्तत्र
√वस् with अधि
you should settle on — the optative again, as at 1.20: advice rather than an order. The prefix अधि is what turns the place into a direct object
अव्यय
तत्र
printed गिरिमधिवसेस्तत्र
तत्र
there — Mallinātha places it: विदिशासमीपे, near Vidiśā
u-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
विश्रामहेतोः
हेतु
for the sake of — हेतु in the genitive is the ordinary way to say "because of", and Mallinātha names the rule for it
a-stem masculine, पञ्चमी एकवचन ablative singular
त्वत्सम्पर्कात्
सम्पर्क
from the contact — the ablative of what caused it
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
पुलकितम्
printed पुलकितमिव
पुलकित, from पुलक with the suffix इतच्
with its hair standing up — Mallinātha unpacks the formation: पुलका अस्य जाताः, bristles have come to it, and names the suffix. The hill bristling with kadamba flower is a body's skin at a touch. It is made from a noun by the suffix इतच्, "having got"
पुलकितम्, “with its hair standing on end”, is made from a noun. पुलक is a bristle, the hair that rises on the skin at a strong feeling; the suffix इतच्, “having got”, turns it into पुलकित, “one to whom bristles have come”. Mallinātha unpacks it — पुलका अस्य जाताः, “bristles have arisen on it” — and names the class of nouns the suffix attaches to (तारकादित्वादितच्प्रत्ययः). The kadambas in flower are the hill's risen hairs, and इव keeps it a likeness: a hill of stone can only seem to shiver at the cloud's touch.
अव्यय
इव
printed पुलकितमिव
इव
as if — it keeps the bristling a supposal rather than a claim, which is what a hill made of stone requires
a-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
प्रौढपुष्पैः
पुष्प
flowers — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the trees that carry them. पुष्प is neuter as a noun and masculine here, taking the gender of the कदम्बैः it describes
a-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
कदम्बैः
कदम्ब
by the kadamba trees — Mallinātha glosses नीपवृक्षैः, which is the tree of 1.21 under its other name
pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
यः
यद्
which — the relative that turns the last two lines into what the hill is known for
in-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः
printed पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिर्नागराणां
उद्गारिन्
giving off — an in-stem again, a thing said by what it does, as द्योतिन् was at 1.18. It is neuter here with the शिलावेश्मभिः it describes; the instrumental plural is the same in either gender
उद्गार, “a breathing-out”, is a coarse word — it can mean a belch — and Mallinātha stops to defend its use. He quotes Daṇḍin: a word coarse in its plain sense is not coarse when it is figurative, and can even be the making of a poem (काव्यस्याशोभाकर एव). Here the stone chambers उद्गिरन्ति, “breathe out”, the परिमल, the scent that rises from pressing, left by the townsmen and the women they pay — पण्यस्त्री, a woman who is bought. The compound piles up four genitive links, and the whole reads as a single instrumental agreeing with शिलावेश्मभिः.
a-stem masculine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural
नागराणाम्
printed पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिर्नागराणां
नागर
of the townsmen — Mallinātha glosses पौराणाम्. They are from Vidiśā, one verse back
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural
उद्दामानि
उद्दाम
unrestrained — the word is literally "off the rope", of an animal untied. Mallinātha glosses उत्कटानि
√प्रथ्, class 10, लट्, parasmaipada, third person singular
प्रथयति
√प्रथ् of the tenth class
makes known — Mallinātha glosses प्रकटयति. The hill does not have the youth; it publishes it
प्रथयति, “makes known”, is a tenth-class verb, and the tenth class is the one that carries णिच्, the causative-making suffix, inside its very stem: √प्रथ् shows as प्रथय- before the endings. So the form already means “makes [it] spread, publishes”, and Mallinātha glosses it प्रकटयति. Because the causative sits in the stem, the generator builds no plain table for it. The point of the word is that the hill is not itself young or wanton — it publishes the townsmen's youth, tells on them, by the scent its caves give off.
an-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
शिलावेश्मभिः
printed शिलावेश्मभिर्यौवनानि
वेश्मन्
by the chambers — an an-stem, which drops its n before a consonant ending: वेश्मन् becomes वेश्म
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural
यौवनानि
printed शिलावेश्मभिर्यौवनानि
यौवन
their youth — plural, because it is each man's own, and the hill tells on all of them at once
तत्र · विश्रामहेतोः · प्रौढपुष्पैः · कदम्बैः · त्वत्सम्पर्कात् · पुलकितम् · इव · नीचैराख्यम् · गिरिम् · अधिवसेः · यः · पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः · शिलावेश्मभिः · नागराणाम् · उद्दामानि · यौवनानि · प्रथयति
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
अधिवसेः · क्रिया — you should settle on; the optative of advice, as at 1.20, not an order. The prefix अधि is what turns the place into a direct object
तत्र · there — Mallinātha places it: विदिशासमीपे, near Vidiśā
विश्रामहेतोः · षष्ठी — for the sake of rest; a cause in the genitive, षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगे
गिरिम् · कर्म — the hill; accusative, not locative, because of the prefix on the verb
नीचैराख्यम् · the one called Low — a bahuvrīhi agreeing with गिरिम्, a name the verse spends three lines undoing
पुलकितम् · with its hair standing on end — agreeing with गिरिम्, the hill bristling like a body's skin at a touch
इव · as if — it keeps the bristling a supposal, which a hill of stone requires
कदम्बैः · करण — by the kadamba trees, whose round flower-heads are the erect hairs
प्रौढपुष्पैः · in full flower — a bahuvrīhi agreeing with कदम्बैः, their flowers awake
त्वत्सम्पर्कात् · पञ्चमी — from your touch, तव सङ्गात्, the cloud settling on the hill
प्रथयति · the relative clause hung beneath: which makes known — Mallinātha glosses प्रकटयति; the hill does not have the youth, it publishes it
यः · कर्ता — which [hill], the relative turning the last two lines into what the hill is known for
यौवनानि · कर्म — their youth, plural because it is each man's own
उद्दामानि · unrestrained — agreeing with यौवनानि, literally “off the rope”, Mallinātha's उत्कटानि
नागराणाम् · षष्ठी — of the townsmen, पौराणाम्, the men of Vidiśā
शिलावेश्मभिः · करण — by the stone chambers, the caves the townsmen use as rooms
पण्यस्त्रीरतिपरिमलोद्गारिभिः · breathing out the scent left by the women they pay — agreeing with शिलावेश्मभिः
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
Settle there, to rest, on the hill they call Low — which the kadambas in full flower make look as though your touch had brought its hair up on end; and whose stone chambers, breathing out the scent left by the townsmen and the women they pay for, tell everyone what their youth is like.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
Settle there, to rest, on the hill they call Low — which the kadambas in full flower make look as though your touch had brought its hair up on end; and whose stone chambers, breathing out the scent left by the townsmen and the women they pay for, tell everyone what their unbridled youth is like.
No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.