मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.21
पथि · the deer that point the road
नीपं दृष्ट्वा हरितकपिशं केसरैरर्धरूढैः
आविर्भूतप्रथममुकुलाः कन्दलीश्चानुकच्छम्
जग्ध्वाऽरण्येष्वधिकसुरभिं गन्धमाघ्राय चोर्व्याः
सारङ्गास्ते जललवमुचः सूचयिष्यन्ति मार्गम्
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
नीपम् + दृष्ट्वा → नीपं
म् + द्
दृष्ट्वा + हरितकपिशम् → नीपं दृष्ट्वा
आ + ह्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
हरितकपिशम् + केसरैः → हरितकपिशं
म् + क्
केसरैः + अर्धरूढैः → केसरैरर्धरूढैः
ः + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
कन्दलीः + च → कन्दलीश्चानुकच्छम्
ः + च्
च + अनुकच्छम् → कन्दलीश्चानुकच्छम्
अ + अ → आ
जग्ध्वा + अरण्येषु → जग्ध्वाऽरण्येष्वधिकसुरभिं
आ + अ → आ
अरण्येषु + अधिकसुरभिम् → जग्ध्वाऽरण्येष्वधिकसुरभिं
उ + अ
गन्धम् + आघ्राय → गन्धमाघ्राय
म् + आ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
च + उर्व्याः → चोर्व्याः
अ + उ → ओ
सारङ्गाः + ते → सारङ्गास्ते
ः + त्
हरित + कपिश → हरितकपिशम्
अ + क्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अर्ध + रूढ → अर्धरूढैः
अ + र्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
आविर्भूत + प्रथम → आविर्भूतप्रथममुकुलाः
अ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
प्रथम + मुकुल → आविर्भूतप्रथममुकुलाः
अ + म्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अनु + कच्छ → अनुकच्छम्
उ + क्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अधिक + सुरभि → अधिकसुरभिम्
अ + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
जल + लव → जललवमुचः
अ + ल्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
लव + मुच् → जललवमुचः
अ + म्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
चोर्व्याः is च + उर्व्याः, the अ of च and the उ of उर्व्याः merging into ओ (गुण, आद्गुणः) — a guṇa join, where two vowels give a third they share the quality of. कन्दलीश्चानुकच्छम् runs कन्दलीः + च + अनुकच्छम्: the विसर्ग turning to श् before the च् (खरि, then श्चुत्व), and च + अनु merging अ + अ into आ. नीपं दृष्ट्वा shows a word-final म् going to अनुस्वार before द्; सारङ्गास्ते shows the विसर्ग going to स् before त्.
नीपम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with हरितकपिशम्
केसरैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
with अर्धरूढैः
कन्दलीः द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with आविर्भूतप्रथममुकुलाः
अरण्येषु सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
गन्धम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with अधिकसुरभिम्
उर्व्याः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
सारङ्गाः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
ते षष्ठी · genitive — षष्ठी — the genitive “your”, agreeing with जललवमुचः, not the nominative plural of तद्
with जललवमुचः
The surface ते can be many things: the nominative plural of तद्, “they”, or the genitive singular of “you”, तव. The morphology alone leaves it open, and a first reading might take it with सारङ्गाः as “those deer”. Mallinātha closes it: ते तव, the genitive, agreeing with जललवमुचः, “of you the drop-shedder”. The road the deer point out is the cloud's, not their own — जललवमुचो मेघस्य ते तव मार्गम्. The case is settled by the construal, not by the ending.
मार्गम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 21 · सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच्
प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ
प्रकरण 36 · तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्
प्रकरण 48 · शेषे
प्रकरण 59 · इवे प्रतिकृतौ
not in the abridgement
हरितकपिशम्
हरित · कपिश
हरितं च कपिशं च
कर्मधारय — green and tawny at once
कर्मधारय — it agrees with नीपम्. green going to tawny — Mallinātha names the rule that lets one colour compound with another, and then gives the result in one word: श्यामवर्णम्, dark
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“haritaṃ pālāśavarṇa kapiśaṃ kṛṣṇapītaṃ ca … śyāmavarṇamiti yāvat || “varṇo varṇena” iti samāsaḥ”
अर्धरूढैः
अर्ध · रूढ
अर्धं रूढैः
तत्पुरुष (accusative) — grown to half
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with केसरैः. half out — Mallinātha glosses एकदेशोद्गतैः, up in part only. The flower is caught at the moment the rain reaches it
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“ardharūḍhairekadeśodgataiḥ kesaraiḥ kiñjalkaiḥ”
आविर्भूतप्रथममुकुलाः
आविर्भूत · प्रथम · मुकुल
प्रथमाः मुकुलाः
कर्मधारय — their first buds
आविर्भूताः प्रथममुकुलाः यासां ताः
बहुव्रीहि — the ones on which those buds have come out
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to कन्दलीः. with their first buds just showing — Mallinātha glosses प्रथमोत्पन्नाः, brought out for the first time this year, which is to say brought out by you
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“āvirbhūtāḥ prathamāḥ prathamotpannā mukulā yāsāṃ tāḥ kandalīrbhūmikadalīḥ”
अनुकच्छम्
अनु · कच्छ
कच्छे कच्छे
अव्ययीभाव — at every marsh
अव्ययीभाव. along the wet ground — Amara gives कच्छ as अनूप, land that is mostly water, and Mallinātha names the compound: an अव्ययीभाव, an indeclinable standing for a case ending
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kacche’nūpeṣvanukaccham || “avyayaṃ vibhakti-” ityādinā vibhaktyarthe’vyayībhāvaḥ”
अधिकसुरभिम्
अधिक · सुरभि
अधिकं सुरभिम्
कर्मधारय — fragrant, and more than usually so
कर्मधारय — it agrees with गन्धम्. sweeter than it has any right to be — Mallinātha glosses अतिघ्राणतर्पणम्, more than the nose can take in. It is the smell of earth after rain
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“adhikasurabhimatighrāṇatarpaṇaṃ”
जललवमुचः
जल · लव · मुच्
जलस्य लवाः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — drops of water
जललवान् मुञ्चति इति जललवमुच्
तत्पुरुष (accusative) — the one who lets them go
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with ते. you, who let the drops fall — Mallinātha glosses it simply मेघस्य, and the compound is the poem naming the cloud by the one thing the deer can follow
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“jalalavamuco meghasya te tava mārgaṃ”
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
नीपम्
printed नीपं
नीप
the kadamba flower — Mallinātha glosses स्थलकदम्बकुसुमम्, the kadamba that grows on dry ground, and it is the flower that opens at the first rain
√दृश् + क्त्वा
दृष्ट्वा
printed नीपं दृष्ट्वा
दृष्ट्वा, from √दृश्
having seen — Mallinātha glosses सम्प्रेक्ष्य and then goes further: विदित्वेति यावत्, which is to say having worked out what it means
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
हरितकपिशम्
printed हरितकपिशं
कपिश
tawny — Amara puts कपिश among the words for dark, between smoke-grey and red-black
a-stem neuter, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
केसरैः
printed केसरैरर्धरूढैः
केसर
with its filaments — Mallinātha glosses किञ्जल्कैः, the threads at the centre of the flower
√रुह् + क्त, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
अर्धरूढैः
printed केसरैरर्धरूढैः
रूढ, from √रुह्
grown up — and the compound says how far: half
ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural
आविर्भूतप्रथममुकुलाः
मुकुल
buds — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the plants that have them. मुकुल is an a-stem neuter as a noun, and takes the feminine in -ā here with the कन्दलीः it describes
ī-stem feminine, द्वितीया बहुवचन accusative plural
कन्दलीः
printed कन्दलीश्चानुकच्छम्
कन्दली
the ground-plantains — Mallinātha glosses भूमिकदलीः, and Śabdārṇava adds that it is the one with the smooth root
अव्यय
च
printed कन्दलीश्चानुकच्छम्
च
and — it joins the plantains to the kadamba as a second thing seen. Mallinātha says the seeing has to be carried across to them
अव्ययीभाव
अनुकच्छम्
printed कन्दलीश्चानुकच्छम्
अनुकच्छम्
at every marsh — a compound that has become an indeclinable, standing in for a locative. Amara gives कच्छ as अनूप, ground that is mostly water
अनुकच्छम्, “at every marsh”, is an अव्ययीभाव — a compound that has become an indeclinable and stands in for a case ending. Its vigraha is कच्छे कच्छे, “at marsh after marsh”, the doubling that means “each”, वीप्सा; the compound folds that into one indeclinable word governed by अनु. Amara gives कच्छ as अनूप, ground that is mostly water. It is a new kind of compound beside the tatpuruṣa and bahuvrīhi of the verses before: here the whole word behaves as an adverb of place.
√अद् + क्त्वा
जग्ध्वा
printed जग्ध्वाऽरण्येष्वधिकसुरभिं
जग्ध्वा, from √अद् with the substitute जग्ध्
having eaten — Mallinātha glosses भक्षयित्वा and names the substitution: √अद् has no क्त्वा of its own and borrows जग्ध्
Three absolutives stand in one verse, and between them they show the whole rule. दृष्ट्वा and जग्ध्वा end in क्त्वा; आघ्राय ends in ल्यप्. The difference is one thing: a prefix. समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् — when the verb carries a prefix (आ- on आघ्राय), the absolutive suffix क्त्वा is replaced by ल्यप्, which shows as -य. दृष्ट्वा and जग्ध्वा have no prefix, so they keep क्त्वा. And जग्ध्वा shows a second thing: √अद्, “to eat”, has no क्त्वा of its own and borrows the substitute stem जग्ध्, which Mallinātha names — अदो जग्धिः, the जग्ध्-substitution. The three sit side by side so the reader can see the sound-change turn on nothing but the presence of आ-.
a-stem neuter, सप्तमी बहुवचन locative plural
अरण्येषु
printed जग्ध्वाऽरण्येष्वधिकसुरभिं
अरण्य
in the wild lands — Mallinātha notes an alternative reading, दग्धारण्येषु, in the burnt-over forests, which would make the smell the smell of rain on ash
i-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
अधिकसुरभिम्
printed जग्ध्वाऽरण्येष्वधिकसुरभिं
सुरभि
sweet-smelling — the same word as at 1.16, where it was the smell of turned soil
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
गन्धम्
printed गन्धमाघ्राय
गन्ध
the smell — of the earth, which is the third of the three signs the deer are reading
√घ्रा + ल्यप्
आघ्राय
printed गन्धमाघ्राय
आघ्राय, from आ + √घ्रा
having smelt — ल्यप् because of the prefix, against the क्त्वा of दृष्ट्वा and जग्ध्वा in the same verse. All three sound changes are on display together
अव्यय
च
printed चोर्व्याः
च
and — the third and last of the things the deer take in
ī-stem feminine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
उर्व्याः
printed चोर्व्याः
उर्वी
of the earth — Mallinātha glosses भूमेः, the same earth whose breast the mountain was at 1.18
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा बहुवचन nominative plural
सारङ्गाः
printed सारङ्गास्ते
सारङ्ग
the deer — Viśva gives the word four animals, and Mallinātha lists them all: cātaka bird, bee, deer, elephant. The eating of plantain buds decides it for deer
pronoun, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
ते
printed सारङ्गास्ते
युष्मद्
your — Mallinātha glosses तव. It is the cloud's road they are pointing out, not their own
c-stem masculine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
जललवमुचः
मुच्
letting go — a bare root used as a noun, which is what the end of this kind of compound is. It is a root standing as a noun at the end of a compound
जललवमुचः ends in मुच्, a bare root standing as a noun — “the one who lets [the drops] go”, from √मुच्, “to release”. A root used this way at the end of a compound takes the consonant-stem endings straight on the root, मुच् + अस् giving मुचः in the genitive. The generator offers no table for it: a root-noun has no vowel stem to build from, and its declension is the root meeting the ending directly. It is the cloud named by its one act the deer can read — the letting-fall of rain.
√सूच्, class 10, लृट्, parasmaipada, third person plural
सूचयिष्यन्ति
√सूच् of the tenth class
will point out — Mallinātha glosses अनुमापयिष्यन्ति, will let it be inferred. The deer do not know the road; they know where the rain has been
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
मार्गम्
मार्ग
the road — the same word the yakṣa used at 1.13 when he promised to tell it
सारङ्गाः · अर्धरूढैः · केसरैः · हरितकपिशम् · नीपम् · अनुकच्छम् · आविर्भूतप्रथममुकुलाः · कन्दलीः · च · दृष्ट्वा · जग्ध्वा · अरण्येषु · अधिकसुरभिम् · उर्व्याः · गन्धम् · च · आघ्राय · जललवमुचः · ते · मार्गम् · सूचयिष्यन्ति
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya; he says explicitly that the seeing has to be carried over to the plantains as well as the kadamba“arthavaśātkandalīśca dṛṣṭvaivetyanvayo draṣṭavyaḥ”
the dependency structure
सूचयिष्यन्ति · क्रिया — will point out; Mallinātha glosses अनुमापयिष्यन्ति, will let it be inferred. The deer do not know the road, they know where the rain has been
सारङ्गाः · कर्ता — the deer; Viśva gives the word four animals, and eating plantain buds decides it for deer
मार्गम् · कर्म — the road, the word the yakṣa used at 1.13 when he promised to tell it
जललवमुचः · षष्ठी — of you, the drop-shedder; the cloud named by the one thing the deer can follow
ते · your — the genitive, Mallinātha's तव; it is the cloud's road, not the deer's
दृष्ट्वा · having seen — the absolutive, क्त्वा with no prefix on it
नीपम् · कर्म — the kadamba flower, the one that opens at the first rain
हरितकपिशम् · green going to tawny — a colour-compound agreeing with the flower
केसरैः · करण — with its filaments, the threads at the flower's centre
अर्धरूढैः · half out — agreeing with the filaments, caught the moment the rain reaches them
जग्ध्वा · having eaten — the absolutive क्त्वा, on the substitute stem जग्ध् that √अद् borrows
कन्दलीः · कर्म — the ground-plantains, Mallinātha's भूमिकदली
आविर्भूतप्रथममुकुलाः · with their first buds just showing — a bahuvrīhi describing the plantains
च · and — it carries the seeing over to the plantains as well as the kadamba
अनुकच्छम् · at every marsh — an अव्ययीभाव, an indeclinable standing for the locative
आघ्राय · having smelt — the absolutive ल्यप्, because a prefix stands on it
गन्धम् · कर्म — the smell, the third of the three signs the deer are reading
उर्व्याः · षष्ठी — of the earth, the same earth whose breast the mountain was at 1.18
अधिकसुरभिम् · sweeter than usual — agreeing with the smell, more than the nose can take in
अरण्येषु · अधिकरण — in the wild lands
च · and — the third and last of the things the deer take in
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
Seeing the kadamba go green-and-tawny with its filaments half out, eating the ground-plantains at every marsh with their first buds just showing, and smelling the earth's smell, sweeter now than the wild lands ever have it — the deer will point out your road for you, drop-shedder that you are.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
Seeing the kadamba go green-and-tawny with its filaments half out, eating the ground-plantains at every marsh with their first buds just showing, and smelling the earth's smell, sweeter now than the wild lands ever have it — the deer will point out your road for you, drop-shedder that you are.
No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.