मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.7
रामगिरि · the errand to Alakā
संतप्तानां त्वमसि शरणं तत् पयोद प्रियायाः
संदेशं मे हर धनपतिक्रोधविश्लेषितस्य
गन्तव्या ते वसतिरलका नाम यक्षेश्वराणां
बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
संतप्तानाम् + त्वम् → संतप्तानां
म् + त्
त्वम् + असि → त्वमसि
म् + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
शरणम् + तत् → शरणं
म् + त्
संदेशम् + मे → संदेशं
म् + म्
वसतिः + अलका → वसतिरलका
ः + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
यक्षेश्वराणाम् + बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या → यक्षेश्वराणां
म् + ब्
धनपति + क्रोध → धनपतिक्रोधविश्लेषितस्य
इ + क्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
क्रोध + विश्लेषित → धनपतिक्रोधविश्लेषितस्य
अ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
यक्ष + ईश्वर → यक्षेश्वराणाम्
अ + ई → ए · falls inside the syllable क्षे
बाह्य + उद्यान → बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
अ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable ह्यो
उद्यान + स्थित → बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
अ + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
स्थित + हर → बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
अ + ह्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
हर + शिरस् → बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
अ + श्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
शिरस् + चन्द्रिका → बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
स् + च्
चन्द्रिका + धौत → बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
आ + ध्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
धौत + हर्म्या → बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
अ + ह्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
The line’s joins are mostly the anusvāra one: every word-final म् becomes anusvāra before the next consonant — संतप्तानां त्वम्, शरणं तत्, संदेशं मे, यक्षेश्वराणां बाह्य…. Two joins the builder’s table cannot yet name are carried without a rule: त्वम् + असि → त्वमसि, where म् stays a full म् before the vowel, and वसतिः + अलका → वसतिरलका, where the visarga becomes र् before the vowel अ.
संतप्तानाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
त्वम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
शरणम् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
तत् प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
पयोद सम्बोधन · vocative — the one addressed
प्रियायाः षष्ठी · genitive — संप्रदान — the one the message is carried to
The sixth case (genitive) is standing in for the fourth (dative): the message is carried to the beloved, not of her. Mallinātha calls it the genitive of general connection (sambandha-sāmānye ṣaṣṭhī), which a verb of carrying licenses.
संदेशम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
मे षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
with धनपतिक्रोधविश्लेषितस्य
गन्तव्या प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
ते षष्ठी · genitive — कर्तृ — the agent who must go
गन्तव्या is a kṛtya (a future-passive adjective, “to be gone to”), and its agent stands in the sixth case, not the third: “to be gone to by you” is ते गन्तव्या. The kṛtya agrees with अलका, the place, and the goer ते hangs off it as the sixth-case agent.
वसतिः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
अलका प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
with बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
यक्षेश्वराणाम् षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 6 · औङ आपः
प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 13 · अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः
प्रकरण 22 · स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता
प्रकरण 33 · धातोः
प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ
प्रकरण 59 · इवे प्रतिकृतौ
प्रकरण 60 · स्त्रियाम्
not in the abridgement
धनपतिक्रोधविश्लेषितस्य
धनपति · क्रोध · विश्लेषित
धनस्य पतिः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the lord of wealth — Kubera
धनपतेः क्रोधः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — that lord’s anger
धनपतिक्रोधेन विश्लेषितः
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — parted [from her] by that anger
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with मे. torn from her by Kubera’s anger
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“dhanapateḥ kuberasya krodhena viśleṣitasya priyayā viyojitasya me”
यक्षेश्वराणाम्
यक्ष · ईश्वर
यक्षाणाम् ईश्वराः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the lords of the yakṣas
तत्पुरुष. of the yakṣa lords
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī
बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
बाह्य · उद्यान · स्थित · हर · शिरस् · चन्द्रिका · धौत · हर्म्या
बाह्ये उद्याने स्थितः
तत्पुरुष (locative) — standing in the garden outside the city
बाह्योद्यानस्थितस्य हरस्य शिरः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the head of Śiva, who stands there
हरशिरसः चन्द्रिका
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the moonlight off that head — Śiva wears the crescent moon
चन्द्रिकया धौतानि हर्म्याणि
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — mansions washed by that moonlight
धौतानि हर्म्याणि यस्यां सा
बहुव्रीहि — [the city] whose mansions are so washed
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to अलका. the city whose great houses are rinsed white by the moon on Śiva’s head, as he stands in the garden outside it
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“bāhya udyāne sthitasya harasya śirasi yā candrikā tayā dhautāni nirmalāni harmyāṇi … yasyāṃ sā tathoktā”
√तप् + क्त, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural
संतप्तानाम्
printed संतप्तानां
संतप्त, from सम् + √तप्
of those burning — from heat, Mallinātha says, or from being away from home
संतप्तानाम्, “of those who burn”, the past participle of सम् + √तप् in the genitive plural. Mallinātha lets it mean both the literally scorched, whom rain-cloud relieves, and those burning with the pain of separation, whom this cloud is asked to relieve — the yakṣa among them. शरणम्, “refuge”, is a word Amara gives two senses, house and protector, and both fit.
pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
त्वम्
printed त्वमसि
त्वद्
you
√अस्, class 2, लट्, parasmaipada, second person singular
असि
printed त्वमसि
√अस्
you are — the second class, which puts the ending straight onto the root
a-stem neuter, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
शरणम्
printed शरणं
शरण
refuge, shelter — Amara gives the word both senses, house and protector
pronoun, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
तत्
तद्
therefore — Mallinātha reads it as तस्मात् कारणात्, "for that reason"
a-stem masculine, सम्बोधन एकवचन vocative singular
पयोद
पयोद
O water-giver — the cloud addressed by what it does
ā-stem feminine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
प्रियायाः
प्रिया
to my beloved — a genitive doing the work of a dative, which Mallinātha calls the genitive of general connection
a-stem masculine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
संदेशम्
printed संदेशं
संदेश
the message — Amara glosses it as a spoken message, वाचिकम्
pronoun, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
मे
अस्मद्
my
√हृ, class 1, लोट्, parasmaipada, second person singular
हर
√हृ
carry — the imperative, and the whole poem turns on this one word
हर, “carry!”, the imperative (लोट्) of √हृ, second person singular. It is the one command the whole poem is built to deliver: everything before it is why the cloud should, and everything after it is where and how. The imperative ending is bare — √हृ takes the थेमैटिच अ and the ending drops to nothing in the second singular, leaving हर.
√श्लिष् + णिच् + क्त, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
धनपतिक्रोधविश्लेषितस्य
विश्लेषित, from वि + √श्लिष् with णिच्
made to be parted — a causative past participle: the anger did the parting
√गम् + तव्य, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
गन्तव्या
गन्तव्य, from √गम्
to be gone to — a kṛtya, so it agrees with Alakā, the place gone to, and the goer stands in the genitive
गन्तव्या, “to be gone to”, a kṛtya of √गम् with the suffix तव्य — a future-passive adjective. Because a kṛtya is passive, it agrees not with the goer but with the thing reached: here अलका, so गन्तव्या is feminine singular. The goer is put in the genitive, ते, “by you”. It is the same construction that makes प्रापणीयाः agree with the message in 1.5.
pronoun, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
ते
त्वद्
by you — the genitive that stands for the agent of a kṛtya
i-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
वसतिः
printed वसतिरलका
वसति
the dwelling — the same word he used of his own hut in the first verse
ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
अलका
printed वसतिरलका
अलका
Alakā — Kubera’s city on Kailāsa, and the far end of the journey
अव्यय
नाम
नाम
by name
a-stem masculine, षष्ठी बहुवचन genitive plural
यक्षेश्वराणाम्
printed यक्षेश्वराणां
ईश्वर
of the lords — of the yakṣas, the compound says
ā-stem feminine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या
हर्म्या
mansions — inside a bahuvrīhi, so the word describes the city that has them
One long compound doing the work of a whole clause: “whose great houses (हर्म्य) are washed white (धौत) by the moonlight (चन्द्रिका) off the head of Śiva (हरशिरस्) as he stands (स्थित) in the garden outside (बाह्योद्यान).” It is a bahuvrīhi describing Alakā — the city that has such houses — so the whole ends in the feminine to agree with अलका. The picture is set before the city is named.
पयोद · त्वम् · संतप्तानाम् · शरणम् · असि · तत् · धनपतिक्रोधविश्लेषितस्य · मे · संदेशम् · प्रियायाः · हर · यक्षेश्वराणाम् · वसतिः · अलका · नाम · बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या · ते · गन्तव्या
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
हर · क्रिया — carry: the imperative the whole poem turns on
पयोद · संबोधन — O water-giver, the cloud addressed by what it does
संदेशम् · कर्म — the message
मे · of me, the sender
धनपतिक्रोधविश्लेषितस्य · torn from her by the wealth-lord’s anger — agreeing with मे
प्रियायाः · संप्रदान — to my beloved (a genitive doing the dative’s work)
तत् · हेतु — therefore, for that reason
असि · the first sentence, hung beneath the verb: you are
त्वम् · कर्ता — you
शरणम् · the refuge you are
संतप्तानाम् · of all that burn
गन्तव्या · the third sentence, hung beneath the verb: to be gone to
अलका · कर्ता — Alakā, the place gone to
नाम · by name
वसतिः · the dwelling — in apposition to Alakā
यक्षेश्वराणाम् · of the yakṣa lords
बाह्योद्यानस्थितहरशिरश्चन्द्रिकाधौतहर्म्या · whose houses the moon on Śiva’s head rinses white — a bahuvrīhi describing Alakā
ते · कर्तृ — by you (the genitive that stands for a kṛtya’s agent)
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
You are the refuge of everything that burns, cloud; so carry my message to my beloved — mine, whom the wealth-lord’s anger has torn from her. The place you must go to is the dwelling of the yakṣa lords, Alakā by name, where the great houses are washed white by the moonlight off Śiva’s head as he stands in the garden outside.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
You are the refuge of everything that burns, O cloud; so carry my message to my beloved — mine, whom the wealth-lord’s anger has torn from her. The place you must go to is the dwelling of the yakṣa lords, Alakā by name, where the great houses are washed white by the moonlight off Śiva’s head as he stands in the garden outside.
No figure is named for this verse by the commentary this reading follows, so none is shown.