मेघदूतम् · कालिदास · 1.18
आम्रकूट · the dark breast of the earth
छन्नोपान्तः परिणतफलद्योतिभिः काननाम्रैः
त्वय्यारूढे शिखरमचलः स्निग्धवेणीसवर्णे
नूनं यास्यत्यमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयामवस्थां
मध्ये श्यामः स्तन इव भुवः शेषविस्तारपाण्डुः
pāda a
pāda b
pāda c
pāda d
त्वयि + आरूढे → त्वय्यारूढे
इ + आ
शिखरम् + अचलः → शिखरमचलः
म् + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
नूनम् + यास्यति → नूनं
म् + य्
यास्यति + अमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयाम् → यास्यत्यमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयामवस्थां
इ + अ
अमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयाम् + अवस्थाम् → यास्यत्यमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयामवस्थां
म् + अ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
स्तनः + इव → स्तन
ः + इ
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
छन्न + उपान्त → छन्नोपान्तः
अ + उ → ओ · falls inside the syllable न्नो
परिणत + फल → परिणतफलद्योतिभिः
अ + फ्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
फल + द्योतिन् → परिणतफलद्योतिभिः
अ + द्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
कानन + आम्र → काननाम्रैः
अ + आ → आ · falls inside the syllable ना
स्निग्ध + वेणी → स्निग्धवेणीसवर्णे
अ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
वेणी + सवर्ण → स्निग्धवेणीसवर्णे
ई + स्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
अमर + मिथुन → अमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयाम्
अ + म्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
मिथुन + प्रेक्षणीय → अमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयाम्
अ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
शेष + विस्तार → शेषविस्तारपाण्डुः
अ + व्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
विस्तार + पाण्डु → शेषविस्तारपाण्डुः
अ + प्
no rule named — the builder's table does not hold this change
त्वय्यारूढे is त्वयि + आरूढे, the इ of त्वयि turning to य् before the vowel of आरूढे (यण्). शिखरमचलः is शिखरम् + अचलः, the म् kept before the vowel of अचलः. भुवः स्तन इव shows two things: भुवः keeps its विसर्ग as a sibilant before the स् of स्तन, and स्तनः loses its विसर्ग before the vowel of इव, leaving स्तन इव — the nominative with its ः dropped before a vowel, as the analysis notes.
काननाम्रैः तृतीया · instrumental — करण, the instrument or cause
with परिणतफलद्योतिभिः
त्वयि सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण — the locative of the absolute construction, not of a place
with स्निग्धवेणीसवर्णे
त्वयि and आरूढे are both locative, but they name no place. Together they make a locative absolute — “once you, dark as an oiled braid, have climbed onto the peak”. Mallinātha names the very rule that licenses the case, यस्य च भावेन भावलक्षणम् इति सप्तमी, the Pāṇinian sūtra for the सति-सप्तमी: the locative that marks one event as the setting for another. It is the same construction as प्राप्ते मित्रे at 1.17, here the cloud on the peak instead of a friend at the door.
आरूढे सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
शिखरम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
अचलः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
with छन्नोपान्तः
अवस्थाम् द्वितीया · accusative — कर्म, the object
with अमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयाम्
मध्ये सप्तमी · locative — अधिकरण, the location
श्यामः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
स्तनः प्रथमा · nominative — कर्ता, the agent
with शेषविस्तारपाण्डुः
भुवः षष्ठी · genitive — सम्बन्ध, a relation to another word
प्रकरण 1 · हलन्त्यम्
प्रकरण 2 · इको यणचि
प्रकरण 3 · स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः
प्रकरण 4 · वा शरि
प्रकरण 5 · अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्
प्रकरण 7 · अतोऽम्
प्रकरण 8 · हो ढः
प्रकरण 11 · स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्
प्रकरण 12 · लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः
प्रकरण 33 · धातोः
प्रकरण 34 · ण्वुल्तृचौ
प्रकरण 48 · शेषे
प्रकरण 60 · स्त्रियाम्
not in the abridgement
छन्नोपान्तः
छन्न · उपान्त
छन्नः उपान्तः यस्य सः
बहुव्रीहि — the one whose edges are covered over
बहुव्रीहि — it refers to अचलः. the mountain with its flanks hidden — Mallinātha glosses आवृतपार्श्वः, its sides shut in by the mango trees
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kānanāmrairvanacūtaiśchannopānta āvṛtapārśvo’chala āmrakūṭādriḥ”
परिणतफलद्योतिभिः
परिणत · फल · द्योतिन्
परिणतानि फलानि
कर्मधारय — fruit, and it is ripe
परिणतफलैः द्योतिभिः
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — shining with it
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with काननाम्रैः. trees lit up by their own ripe fruit — Mallinātha glosses परिणत as परिपक्व and adds the reason: in Āṣāḍha the wild mangoes fruit and ripen, and it is the wind off the cloud that ripens them
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“pariṇataiḥ paripakvaiḥ phalairdyotanta iti tathoktaiḥ | āṣāḍhe vanacūtāḥ phalanti pacyante ca meghavātenetyāśayaḥ”
काननाम्रैः
कानन · आम्र
काननस्य आम्राः
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the mangoes of the wood
तत्पुरुष. wild mango trees — Mallinātha glosses वनचूतैः, the mango that grows uncultivated
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“kānanāmrairvanacūtaiḥ”
स्निग्धवेणीसवर्णे
स्निग्ध · वेणी · सवर्ण
स्निग्धा वेणी
कर्मधारय — a braid, and it is glossy
स्निग्धवेण्या सवर्णे
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — of one colour with it
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with त्वयि. you, the colour of a woman's oiled braid — Mallinātha glosses मसृणकेशबन्धच्छाये and then says it plainly: श्यामवर्णम्, dark. Yādava gives वेणी both a braid and a run of water
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“snigdhaveṇīsavarṇe masṛṇakeśabandhacchāye | śyāmavarṇaṃ ityarthaḥ || “veṇī tu keśabandhe jalasrutau” iti yādavaḥ”
अमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयाम्
अमर · मिथुन · प्रेक्षणीय
अमराणां मिथुनानि
तत्पुरुष (genitive) — the couples of the immortals
अमरमिथुनैः प्रेक्षणीयाम्
तत्पुरुष (instrumental) — worth being looked at by them
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with अवस्थाम्. a state the sky-going couples will stop to look at — Mallinātha says why it is couples and not gods in general: only lovers would fancy a mountain as a breast
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“mithunagrahaṇaṃ kāmināmeva stanatvenotprekṣā sambhavatīti kṛtam”
शेषविस्तारपाण्डुः
शेष · विस्तार · पाण्डु
शेषः विस्तारः
कर्मधारय — the spread that is left over
शेषविस्तारे पाण्डुः
तत्पुरुष (locative) — pale over that spread
तत्पुरुष — it agrees with स्तनः. pale everywhere but the middle — Mallinātha spells out the geometry: शेषे मध्याद् अन्यत्र विस्तारे परितः पाण्डुः. Amara puts पाण्डु beside हरिण, the colour of a fawn
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“śeṣe madhyādanyatra vistāre paritaḥ pāṇḍurhariṇaḥ || “hariṇaḥ pāṇḍuraḥ pāṇḍuḥ” ityamaraḥ”
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
छन्नोपान्तः
उपान्त
the near edge — but the compound is a bahuvrīhi and means the mountain, not the edge
in-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
परिणतफलद्योतिभिः
द्योतिन्
shining ones — an in-stem, a thing said by what it does, as शिखरिन् was said by what it has
a-stem masculine, तृतीया बहुवचन instrumental plural
काननाम्रैः
आम्र
by the mango trees — the instrumental of what covers, since छन्न is a past participle used passively
pronoun, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
त्वयि
printed त्वय्यारूढे
युष्मद्
you having — with आरूढे it makes a locative absolute, and Mallinātha names the rule that licenses it
त्वयि … आरूढे is a locative absolute, and Mallinātha does here what he rarely does: he names the sūtra behind it. यस्य च भावेन भावलक्षणम्, “when one thing's being marks another's”, is the rule that puts both noun and participle in the locative to mean “once, when”: “once you have climbed onto the peak”. It is the सति-सप्तमी met at 1.17 in प्राप्ते मित्रे, and having the actual rule named is what turns a construction one recognises into one one can build.
√रुह् + क्त, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
आरूढे
printed त्वय्यारूढे
आरूढ, from आ + √रुह्
having climbed — the past participle in the locative absolute: "once you have climbed"
a-stem neuter, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
शिखरम्
printed शिखरमचलः
शिखर
the peak — Mallinātha glosses शृङ्गम्, the same word he used of Āmrakūṭa's name
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
अचलः
printed शिखरमचलः
अचल
the unmoving one — a mountain named for the one thing it does not do, in a verse about something that moves
a-stem masculine, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
स्निग्धवेणीसवर्णे
सवर्ण
of the same colour — and the compound says as what: as a glossy braid
अव्यय
नूनम्
printed नूनं
नूनम्
surely — the yakṣa is describing something he has not seen and cannot see, so the word is doing real work
√या, class 2, लृट्, parasmaipada, third person singular
यास्यति
printed यास्यत्यमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयामवस्थां
√या
will come to — "go to a state" is how Sanskrit says "become", and the subject is the mountain
√ईक्ष् + अनीयर्, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
अमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयाम्
printed यास्यत्यमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयामवस्थां
प्रेक्षणीय, from प्र + √ईक्ष्
to be looked at — a kṛtya, and Mallinātha glosses it दर्शनीयाम्, the same word he used of the rainbow at 1.15
प्रेक्षणीयाम्, “to be looked at”, is a kṛtya again — the same idea as प्रेक्ष्यम् at 1.15, “worth looking at”, but built with a different suffix. There the suffix was ण्यत् (प्रेक्ष्य); here it is अनीयर् (प्रेक्षणीय), and both give a form meaning “to be gazed at”, which Mallinātha glosses the same way, दर्शनीयाम्. The kṛtya class carries three or four suffixes of one sense, and the poet reaches for whichever the metre wants: the two verses show two of them for the very same “worth seeing”.
ā-stem feminine, द्वितीया एकवचन accusative singular
अवस्थाम्
printed यास्यत्यमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयामवस्थां
अवस्था
a state, a condition — what the mountain will "go to"
a-stem neuter, सप्तमी एकवचन locative singular
मध्ये
मध्य
in the middle — where the cloud is sitting, and where the dark is
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
श्यामः
श्याम
dark — the third time the poem has used this colour of the cloud, after 1.15
a-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
स्तनः
printed स्तन
स्तन
a breast — the printed स्तन इव is the nominative with its visarga lost before a vowel
The verse ends in a fancy — उत्प्रेक्षा, the poet's supposal that the thing before him is something else: the mountain, dark where the cloud sits and pale over the rest, is like a breast of the earth. Mallinātha asks why Kālidāsa says the couples of the immortals will look at it, not the immortals at large, and answers that the fancy is one only lovers could have — मिथुनग्रहणं कामिनामेव स्तनत्वेन उत्प्रेक्षा सम्भवतीति कृतम्. The dark cloud on the pale peak makes the shape; who is looking decides whether it is seen.
अव्यय
इव
इव
like — the word the whole stanza has been building towards
ū-stem feminine, षष्ठी एकवचन genitive singular
भुवः
भू
of the earth — a monosyllabic ū-stem, so the ū becomes उव् before a vowel ending. भू is a monosyllable: it declines with the ū becoming उव् before a vowel ending
भुवः, “of the earth”, is the genitive of भू — a monosyllabic ū-stem feminine, and monosyllables of this shape decline in their own way: before a vowel ending the ऊ becomes उव्, so भू + अस् gives भुवः, not the भ्वाः a regular ū-stem would give. It is the reason the generator offers no table for it. The word closes the verse's fancy: the mountain, dark in the middle and pale around, is a breast — भुवः स्तनः, a breast of the earth.
u-stem masculine, प्रथमा एकवचन nominative singular
शेषविस्तारपाण्डुः
पाण्डु
pale, fawn-coloured — Amara puts it beside हरिण, and the compound says where: everywhere but the middle
परिणतफलद्योतिभिः · काननाम्रैः · छन्नोपान्तः · अचलः · स्निग्धवेणीसवर्णे · त्वयि · शिखरम् · आरूढे · मध्ये · श्यामः · शेषविस्तारपाण्डुः · भुवः · स्तनः · इव · अमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयाम् · अवस्थाम् · नूनम् · यास्यति
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī, whose commentary is written as anvaya“ihānvayamukhenaiva sarvaṃ vyākhyāyate mayā”
the dependency structure
यास्यति · क्रिया — will come to; “go to a state” is how Sanskrit says “become”
अचलः · कर्ता — the unmoving one, the mountain, in a verse about something that moves
छन्नोपान्तः · its flanks covered over — a bahuvrīhi describing the mountain
काननाम्रैः · करण — by the wild mango trees, the ones that cover it
परिणतफलद्योतिभिः · shining with ripe fruit — agreeing with the trees
आरूढे · having climbed — the participle of the locative absolute, “once climbed”
त्वयि · अधिकरण — you having, the locative of the absolute construction
स्निग्धवेणीसवर्णे · the colour of a woman's oiled braid — agreeing with you
शिखरम् · कर्म — the peak, what you climb onto
नूनम् · क्रियाविशेषण — surely; the yakṣa describes what he cannot see
अवस्थाम् · कर्म — a state, the condition the mountain will go to
अमरमिथुनप्रेक्षणीयाम् · worth the sky-couples' looking at — a kṛtya agreeing with the state
श्यामः · dark — the state's colour where the cloud sits
मध्ये · अधिकरण — in the middle, where the dark is
शेषविस्तारपाण्डुः · pale over all the rest of its spread — the state's colour elsewhere
स्तनः · उपमान — like a breast, the fancy the whole stanza arrives at
इव · like — the word the verse is built towards
भुवः · of the earth — a breast of the earth
uncheckedMallinātha’s Sañjīvinī for the anvaya and the reading; the Telugu drawn from Vedam Venkataraya Sastri’s Āndhra Meghasandeśam and the Bālānandinī
The mountain has its flanks shut in by wild mangoes lit up with ripe fruit; and once you, the colour of a woman's oiled braid, have climbed onto its peak, it will surely come to a state the sky-going couples will stop to look at — dark in the middle and pale over all the rest of its spread, like a breast of the earth.
uncheckedthe reader's reading, following Mallinātha's gloss
The mountain has its flanks shut in by wild mangoes lit up with ripe fruit; and once you, the colour of a woman's oiled braid, have climbed onto its peak, it will surely come to a state the sky-going couples will stop to look at — dark in the middle and pale over all the rest of its spread, like a breast of the earth.
उत्प्रेक्षा — The fancy: the poet imagines the thing before him to be something else, and says so as a supposal rather than as a fact.
Mallinātha names it while explaining a word choice. He asks why Kālidāsa says the couples of the immortals rather than the immortals, and answers that the fancy of the mountain as a breast is one only lovers could have — मिथुनग्रहणं कामिनामेव स्तनत्वेन उत्प्रेक्षा सम्भवतीति कृतम्. The dark cloud on the pale peak makes the shape; who is looking decides whether it is seen.
uncheckedMallinātha, Sañjīvinī“mithunagrahaṇaṃ kāmināmeva stanatvenotprekṣā sambhavatīti kṛtam”